《精通以太坊》-快速词汇表

这个快速词汇表包含许多与以太坊相关的术语。这些术语在本书中都有使用，所以请将其加入书签以便快速参考。

This fast-track glossary contains a number of terms related to Ether. These terms are used in this book, so please add them to the bookmarks for quick reference.

包含地址，余额和随机数，以及可选的存储和代码的对象。账户可以是合约账户和EOA(外部拥有账户)。

An account can be a contractual account and an EOA (externally owned account).

一般来说，这代表一个EOA或合约，它可以在区块链上接收（目标地址）或发送（源地址）交易。更具体地说，它是ECDSA公钥的keccak散列的最右边的160位。

In general, this represents an EOA or a contract that can receive (target address) or send (source address) transactions on the block chain. More specifically, it is 160 places to the right of the Keccak haste of the ECDSA public key.

在Solidity assert（false）中编译为，这是一个无效的操作码，用尽所有剩余gas，并还原所有更改。当assert()语句失败时，应该发生一些非常错误和意外的事情，这时你需要修复代码。你应该使用断言来避免，让它永远不会发生。

It's an invalid code that exhausts all the rest of the gas and restores all the changes. When the Asert statement fails, something very wrong and unexpected should happen, and you need to fix the code. You should use an affirmation to avoid it and make it never happen.

位置数字表示，其中最重要的数字是第一位。little-endian相反，最低有效数字是第一位。

Location numbers indicate that the most important of them is number one. Little-endian, on the contrary, the lowest valid number is number one.

比特币改善建议。比特币社区成员提交的一组提案，旨在改进比特币。例如，BIP-21是改进比特币统一资源标识符（URI）方案的建议。

A set of proposals submitted by members of the Bitcoin community is intended to improve bitcoin. For example, BIP-21 is a proposal to improve the Bitcoin Unified Resource Identification (URI) programme.

区块是关于所包含的交易的所需信息（区块头）的集合，以及称为ommers的一组其他区块头。它被矿工添加到以太坊网络中。

Blocks are a collection of the information needed for the transactions involved (blockheads), as well as a group of other blocks called ommers. They are added to the Ether network by miners.

由工作证明系统验证的一系列区块，每个区块都连接到它的前一个区块一直到创世区块。这与比特币协议不同，因为它没有区块大小限制；它改为使用不同的gas限制。

This is different from the Bitcoin agreement because it has no block size limit; instead, it uses different gas limits.

拜占庭是大都会发展阶段的两大硬分叉之一。它包括EIP-649：大都会难度炸弹延迟和区块奖励减少，其中冰河时代（见下文）延迟1年，而区块奖励从5 eth减至3 eth。

Byzantium is one of the two hard forks in the development phase of Metropolis. It includes EIP-649: Metropolis difficulty bomb delays and reduced block incentives, where the ice age (see below) is delayed by one year, while block incentives are reduced from 5 eth to 3 eth.

将用高级编程语言（例如Solidity）编写的代码转换为较低级别的语言（例如EVM字节码）

Convert codes prepared in advanced programming languages (e.g., Solidity) to lower-level languages (e.g., EVM bytes)

当大量节点（通常是网络上的大多数节点）在其本地验证的最佳区块链中都具有相同的区块时达成共识。不要与共识规则混淆。

When a large number of nodes (usually most of the nodes on the network) have the same blocks in their best chain of locally validated blocks, do not be confused with the consensus rule.

整个节点遵循的区块验证规则与其他节点保持一致。不要与共识混淆。

The block certification rules followed for the entire node are consistent with other nodes. Do not confuse with consensus.

大都会发展的第二部分计划在2018年中期。预计将包含切换到混合POW/POS共识算法，以及其他变更。

The second part of Metropolis development is planned for mid-2018. It is expected to include a switch to the mixed Pow/POS consensus algorithm, as well as other changes.

包含代码的账户，每当它从另一个账户（EOA或合约）收到交易时执行。

An account that contains a code and is executed whenever it receives a transaction from another account (EOA or contract).

一个特殊的交易，以“零地址”作为接收者，用于注册合约必将其记录在以太坊区块链中。（请参阅“零地址”）

A special transaction, with a “zero address” as the recipient, must be recorded in the Etherkom block chain. (Refer to the “zero address”)

去中心化自治组织。没有等级管理的公司和其他组织。也可能是指2016年4月30日发布的命为“The DAO”的合约，该合约于2016年6月遭到黑客攻击，最终在第1192000个区块激发硬分叉（代号DAO），扭转了被盗用的DAO合约，并导致了以太坊和以太坊经典分为两个竞争系统。

Decentralized self-governing organizations. Companies and other organizations that do not have a hierarchy. It may also refer to the contract issued on 30 April 2016 for the “The DAO” that was hacked into in June 2016 and eventually triggered hard fork in block 1192000, reversed the stolen DAO contract, and led to the division of the Ether and Etherplum classics into two competition systems.

去中心化应用程序。至少，它是一个智能合约和一个web用户界面。更广泛地说，DAPP是一个基于开放式、去中心化、点对点基础架构服务的Web应用程序。另外，许多DAPP包含分布式存储/消息协议和平台。

At least it is an intelligent contract and a web user interface. More broadly, the DAPP is a Web application based on open, decentralised, point-to-point infrastructure services. In addition, many DAPPs contain distributed storage/message protocols and platforms.

ERC721提案中引入了不可替代的标记标准。与ERC20 token不同，deeds证明了所有权并且不可互换，虽然它们在任何管辖区都不被认可为合法文件，至少目前不是。

The ERC721 proposal introduces an irreplaceable standard of marking. Unlike ERC20 token, deeds prove ownership and cannot be exchanged, although they are not recognized as legal documents in any jurisdiction, at least not at this time.

一个网络范围的设置，控制需要多少计算来产生工作证明。

The setup of a network range, the number of calculations required for control to produce proof of work.

数字签名算法是一个过程，通过该过程，用户可以使用私钥生成称为文档的“签名”的短字符串数据，以便具有相应公钥、签名和文档的任何人都可以验证（1）该文件由该特定私钥的所有者“签名”
，以及（2）该文件在签名后未被更改。

The digital signature algorithm is a process through which a user can use a private key to generate short string data called “signature” for a document so that anyone with the corresponding public key, signature and document can verify that (1) the document is “signed” by the owner of the particular private key
and (2) the document has not been changed after signing.

椭圆曲线数字签名算法（ECDSA）是以太坊用来确保资金只能由合法所有者使用的加密算法。

The Ellipse Digital Signature Algorithm (EDCSA) is an encryption algorithm used by the Taiku to ensure that funds can only be used by legitimate owners.

在密码学的背景下，缺乏可预测性或随机性水平。在生成私密信息（如主私钥）时，算法通常依赖高熵源来确保输出不可预测。

In cryptography, there is a lack of predictability or randomity. When generating private information (e.g., private keys), algorithms usually rely on high entropy sources to ensure that output is unpredictable.

外部账户。由以太坊网络的人类用户创建的账户。

External accounts. Accounts created by human users of the Ethernonet network.

以太坊征求意见。一些EIP被标记为ERC，表示试图定义以太坊使用的特定标准的提议。

Some of the EIPs are marked as ERCs, indicating a proposal to try to define specific criteria to be used by the eBay.

Ether是以太坊生态系统使用的原生加密货币，它在执行智能合约时涵盖了gas成本。它的符号是Ξ，希腊大写的Xi字符。

Ether is the native encrypted currency used in the Taiwan ecosystem, which covers gas costs in the implementation of smart contracts. It's a symbol called the Xi character in Greek writing.

以太坊虚拟机，一个执行字节码的基于堆栈的虚拟机。在Ethereum中，执行模型指定了如何在给定一系列字节码指令和少量环境数据的情况下改变系统状态。这是通过虚拟状态机的正式模型指定的。

In Etheeum, the execution model specifies how to change the state of the system with a series of byte commands and a small amount of environmental data. This is assigned through the official model of the virtual state machine.

EVM字节码的可读形式。

Readable form of the EVM byte code.

默认函数，在缺少数据或声明函数名称的情况下调用。

default function, which is called in the absence of data or the name of the stated function.

对于想要在测试网上进行测试的开发者，免费测试以太网形式的奖励网站。

For developers who want to test it on a test web site, the web site is tested free of charge in the form of an incentive web site.

Ethereum的初始测试开发阶段，持续时间为2015年7月至2016年3月。

Etheium's initial test development phase, covering the period from July 2015 to March 2016.

个人以太坊区块链，你可以使用它来运行测试，执行命令和检查状态，同时控制链的运行方式。

The individual uses the Teewan block chain, which you can use to run tests, execute orders and check the status, and control the way the chain operates.

以太坊用于执行智能合约的虚拟燃料。以太坊虚拟机使用核算机制来衡量gas的消耗量并限制计算资源的消耗。参见图灵完备。gas是执行智能合约的每条指令产生的计算单位。gas与ether挂钩。gas类似于蜂窝网络上的通话时间。因此，以法定货币进行交易的价格是。

It's a virtual fuel used to execute smart contracts. It measures the consumption of gas using accounting mechanisms and limits the consumption of resources. See Turing for details. Gas is the unit of measure generated by each command that implements a smart contract. Gas is linked to each other. Gas is similar to cellular call times. So the price for transactions in the legal currency is.

在讨论区块时，他们也有一个叫做gas limit的区域。它定义了允许消耗整个区块组合中所有交易的最大gas量。

When discussing blocks, they also have an area called gas limit. It defines the maximum amount of gas allowed to consume all transactions in the whole block group.

区块链中的第一个区块，用于初始化特定网络及其加密货币。

The first block in a block chain is used to initialize a particular network and its encrypted currency.

Go Ethereum.用Go编写的以太坊协议最重要的实现之一。

Go Etheeum.

硬分叉也称为硬分叉变化，是区块链中的一种永久性分歧，通常发生在非升级节点无法验证升级节点创建的遵循新共识规则的区块时。不要与分叉、软分叉、软件 fork或Git fork混淆。

Hard fork, also known as hard fork change, is a permanent disagreement in the block chain, usually when non-upgrading nodes are unable to verify the creation of blocks that follow the new consensus rule. Do not confuse with fork, soft fork, software fork or Git fork.

由哈希函数生成的可变长度输入的固定长度指纹。

A fixed-length fingerprint that is entered by a variable length generated by the Hashi function.

使用分层确定性（HD protocol）密钥创建和转账协议（BIP32）的钱包。

Wallet for creating and transferring a protocol (BIP32) using a layered certainty (HD protocol) key.

HD钱包种子或根种子是一种值，用作生成HD钱包的主私钥和主链代码的种子。钱包种子可以用助记词表示，这使得人们更容易复制、备份和恢复私钥。

The HD wallet or root feed is a value that is used as a seed for the main private key and the main chain code that generates the HD wallet. The wallet torrent can be expressed in an oblique word, which makes it easier to copy, backup and restore the private key.

以太坊的第二个发展阶段于2016年3月在1,150,000区块启动。

The second phase of Ether was launched in March 2016 in block 1,150,000.

以太坊硬分叉在200,000的区块引入指数难度增加（又名难度炸弹），激励过渡到股权证明。

The introduction of indexes (also known as hard bombs) at 200,000 blocks with a hard fork in the Taipan provides evidence of incentives for the transition to equity.

集成用户界面，结合了代码编辑器，编译器，运行时和调试器。

Integrating user interfaces, combining code editors, compilers, running times and debuggers.

一旦合约（或库）代码被部署，它就变得不可变。能够修复可能的错误并添加新功能是软件开发周期的关键。这对智能合约的发展构成了挑战。

Once the contract (or library) code is deployed, it becomes immutable. The ability to repair possible errors and add new features is key to the software development cycle. This poses a challenge to the development of intelligent contracts.

以太网地址编码，部分与国际银行帐号（IBAN）编码兼容，为以太坊地址提供通用、可校验和可互操作的编码。ICAP地址可以编码以太坊地址或通过以太坊名称注册表注册的常用名称。他们总是从XE开始。目的是引入一个新的IBAN国家代码：XE，以“扩展”X为前缀的以太坊E，用于非管辖区货币（例如XBT，XRP，XCP）

They always start with XE. The aim is to introduce a new IBAN country code: XE, prefixed with extension X, E-Team, for non-jurisdictional currencies (e.g. XBT, XRP, XCP).

从合约账户发送到另一个合约账户或EOA的交易。

Transactions sent from a contractual account to another contractual account or to an EOA.

以太坊中使用的密码哈希函数。Keccak256被标准化为SHA-3。

Using the Hashi function of the password used in the courthouse. Keccak256 is standardized as SHA-3.

也称为密码扩展算法，它被keystore格式使用，以防止对密钥进行暴力破解、字典或彩虹表攻击。它重复哈希密码。

Also known as the password extension algorithm, which is used in the Keystore format to prevent violent cracking of keys, dictionaries or rainbow watch attacks. It repeats the Hashi password.

包含单个（随机生成的）私钥的JSON编码文件，通过密码加密以提高安全性。

A JSON encoded file with a single (random-generated) private key to enhance security through password encryption.

LevelDB是一个开源的磁盘键值存储。LevelDB是一个轻量级的专用库，用于与许多平台绑定持久性。

Leveldb is an open-source disk key storage.

以太坊的library是一种特殊类型的合约，没有应收账款功能，没有回调函数，也没有数据存储。因此，它不能接收或保存以太坊数据或存储数据。一个library用作之前部署的代码，其他合约可以调用只读计算。

Etherbury is a special type of contract, with no receivable function, no callback function, and no data storage. Therefore, it cannot receive or store ether data or store data. One library is used as a code for previous deployments, and the other contracts can call read-only calculations.

一个轻量级客户端是一个以太坊客户端，它不存储区块链的本地副本，或者验证区块和交易。它提供钱包的功能，并可以创建和广播交易。

A lightweight client is an ether client that does not store local copies of block chains, or authenticate blocks and transactions. It provides the functionality for wallets and can create and broadcast transactions.

内部交易永远不会被序列化，只会在EVM内发送。

Internal transactions will never be sequenced and will only be sent in EVM.

大都会是2017年10月推出的以太坊的第三个发展阶段。

Metropolis is the third stage of the development of the Etherm, launched in October 2017.

《精通以太坊》token。本书中用于演示的ERC20标记。

The ERC20 tag used in this book is used for demonstration purposes.

一个网络节点，通过重复哈希计算来找到新区块的有效工作证明。

A network node, which duplicates Hashi calculations to find a valid proof of the work of the new blocks.

Mist是以太坊基金会创建的第一个以太坊启用的浏览器。它还包含一个基于浏览器的钱包，这是ERC20 token标准的首次实施（Fabian Vogelsteller，ERC20的作者也是Mist的主要开发人员）。Mist也是第一个引入camelCase校验和（EIP-155，参见eip-155）的钱包。Mist运行一个完整的节点，并提供完整的DApp浏览器，支持基于Swarm的存储和ENS地址。

Mist is the first user-operated browser created by the Taiwan Foundation. It also contains a wallet based on the browser, the first implementation of the ERC20 token standard (Fabian Vogelsteller, author of ERC20, also the main developer of Mist). Mist is also the first to introduce the wallet of the camelCase verification and verification (EIP-155, see eip-155). Mist runs a full node and provides a complete DApp browser to support the storage and ENS address based on Swarm.

将交易和数据块传播到每个以太坊节点（网络参与者）的P2P网络。

Disseminate the transactions and data blocks to the P2P network of each of the tatai nodes (network participants).

参与P2P网络的软件客户端。

Software client participating in the P2P network.

在密码学中，术语nonce用于指代只能使用一次的值。以太坊使用两种类型的随机数。

In cryptography, the term nonce is used to indicate a value that can only be used once.

• 账户随机数 - 这仅仅是账户的交易计数。
• 工作随机数证明 - 用于获得工作证明的区块中的随机值（取决于当时的难度）。

父区块的子区块，其本身不是父区块。当矿工发现有效区块时，另一个矿工可能已经发布了一个竞争性区块，并将其添加到区块链的顶端。与比特币不同的是，以太坊中的孤立区块可以被新区块包含为ommer并获得部分区块奖励。术语“ommer”是父节点的同胞的首选性别中性术语，但也被称为“uncle”。

The sub-blocks of the parent block are not parent blocks per se. When the miner discovers a valid block, another miner may have released a competitive block and added it to the top of the block chain. Unlike Bitcoin, the isolated blocks in the neighbourhood can be included in the new block as ommer and be rewarded in part. The term “ommer” is the preferred gender neutral term for the parent node compatriots, but it is also called “uncle”.

加密货币密钥管理的一种常见的强大方法是multisig，更普遍地被称为密钥共享。但是，如果其中一个共享密钥丢失会发生什么？结果将是所有资金的完全损失。这不是唯一有问题的方案。密钥股份持有人也可能对资金的使用方式有不同的看法，也无法达成协议。我们使用术语Paralysis Problem来表示任何这些尴尬的情况。

A common powerful method for the management of encrypted currency keys is multisig, more commonly referred to as key-sharing. But, what happens if one of the shared keys is lost? The result will be a total loss of all funds. This is not the only problem. Keyholders may also have different views about the way in which money is used, and they cannot agree. We use the term Paralysis Process to express any of these awkward situations.

Paralysis Proof有助于解决加密货币中普遍存在的密钥管理问题。见Paralysis Problem。
Paralysis Proof System在用户没有协调一致的情况下，可以容忍系统瘫痪。
使用智能合约，以太坊可以相对容易地实现Paralysis Proof System。

Paralysis Proof helps solve the key management problems that are prevalent in encrypted currencies. See Paralysis Problem.
Paralysis Proof System can tolerate system paralysis in the absence of a coordinated user.
Using smart contracts, the community can achieve Paralysis Proof System relatively easily.

以太坊客户端软件最突出的互操作实现之一。

One of the most prominent inter-operability features of Taiwan client software is achieved.

股权证明是加密货币区块链协议，旨在实现分布式共识的一种方法。股权证明要求用户证明一定数量的加密货币（网络中的“股份”）的所有权，以便能够参与交易验证。

The certificate of equity is a method of achieving a distributed consensus by encrypting the monetary block chain agreement. The certificate of equity requires the user to prove ownership of a certain amount of encrypted currency (the “equity” in the network) in order to be able to participate in the authentication of the transaction.

一份需要大量计算才能找到的数据（证明）。在以太坊，矿工必须找到符合网络难度目标的Ethash算法的数字解决方案。

In Ether, miners have to find a digital solution to the Ethash algorithm that meets the web-difficult objectives.

以太坊客户端返回的数据，表示特定交易的结果，包括交易的哈希，其区块编号，使用的gas量以及在部署智能合约的情况下合约的地址。

Indicate the results of a particular transaction, including the Hashi, whose block number, the amount of gas used and the address contracted in the case of deployment of an intelligent contract, using data returned from the Taiwan client.

当攻击者合约调用Victim合约函数时，可以复制这种攻击，让我们称它为victim.withdraw()，在原始调用合约函数完成之前，它再次调用victim.withdraw()方法继续递归地调用自己。这个递归调用可以通过Attacker合约的回调函数实现。攻击者必须执行的唯一技巧是在用完gas之前中断递归调用，并避免被盗的ether被还原。

When the attacker's contract calls the Victim contract function, it can be replicated, so let's call it wictim.withdraw() and call it again by the wictim.withdraw() method until the original call has been completed. This return call can be done through the Attacker contract echo function. The only technique that the attacker has to perform is to interrupt the reversion before the use of the gass is exhausted and to avoid the recovery of the stolen body.

在solidity中，require(false)被编译为REVERT操作码0xfd。REVERT指令提供了一种停止执行和恢复状态转换的方式，不需要消耗所有提供的气体并且能够返回原因。应使用require函数来确保满足有效条件（如输入或合约状态变量），或者验证调用外部合约的返回值。在拜占庭网络升级之前，有两种实际的方式可以恢复交易：耗尽气体或执行无效指令。这两个选项都消耗了所有剩余的气体。在Byzantium网络升级之前的黄皮书中查找此操作码时，你无法找到它，并且因为该操作码没有规范，所以当EVM执行它时，它会抛出无效的操作码错误。

In solidity, the require function should be used to ensure that valid conditions (e.g. input or contractual status variables) are met, or to verify the return value of the call to the external contract. Before the Byzantine network upgrades, there are two practical ways to resume the transaction: to run out the gas or execute the invalid command. Both options consume all the remaining gases. When looking for the code in the Byzantium yellow skin before the network upgrade, you cannot find it, and because there is no code for the call to the external contract.

当需要处理与require()相同类型的情况但更复杂的逻辑时，请使用revert()。例如，如果你的代码有一些嵌套的if/else逻辑流，你会发现使用revert()而不是require()是有意义的。

When there is a need to deal with the same type of situation as require() but more complex logic, use revert(). For example, if your code has some embedded if/else logical stream, you find it meaningful to use revert() instead of require().

包含在每个新区块中的金额（Ether(ETH)）作为网络对找到工作证明解决方案的矿工的奖励。

The amount (Ether (ETH)) included in each new block serves as a network incentive for miners to find work certificate solutions.

RLP是一种编码标准，由Ethereum开发人员设计，用于对具有任意复杂性和长度的对象（数据结构）进行编码和序列化。

RLP is a coding standard designed by Etherum developers to encode and sequence objects (data structures) of any complexity and length.

Satoshi Nakamoto是设计比特币的人使用的名字，并创建了原始参考实现Bitcoin Core。作为实现的一部分，他们还设计了第一个区块链数据库。在这个过程中，他们率先解决了数字货币的双重支付问题。他们的真实身份仍然未知。

Satoshi Nakamoto was the name of the person who designed Bitcoin and created the original reference to bitcoin Core. As part of that realization, they also designed the first block chain database. In the process, they took the lead in solving the problem of double payment of digital money. Their true identity is still unknown.

Vitalik Buterin是俄罗斯和加拿大的程序员和作家，主要以Ethereum的联合创始人和比特币杂志的联合创始人著称。

Vitalik Buterin, a Russian and Canadian programmer and writer, is mainly known as the co-founder of Etherum and co-founder of Bitcoin.

Gavin Wood是英国程序员，是以太坊的联合创始人兼前CTO。2014年8月，他提出了Solidity，一种用于编写智能合约的编程语言。

Gavin Wood, a British programmer, was a co-founder and former CTO member of Taiku. In August 2014, he introduced Solidity, a programming language for the development of smart contracts.

通过生成数字签名（请参阅公共密钥，地址，ECDSA），允许以太坊用户证明帐户或合约的所有权的秘密号码。

By generating digital signatures (see Public Keys, Address, ECDSA), you are allowed to certify the secret number of the ownership of the account or contract with Taiwan users.

安全哈希算法或SHA是美国国家标准与技术研究院（NIST）发布的一系列加密哈希函数。

Safety Hash algorithms or SHA are a series of encrypted Hash functions issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of the United States.

只要整个网络存在，智能合约就会存在并可执行。如果它们被编程为自毁或使用委托调用或调用代码执行该操作，它们将从区块链中消失。一旦执行自毁操作，存储在合约地址处的剩余Ether将被发送到另一个地址，并将存储和代码从状态中移除。尽管这是预期的行为，但自毁合约的修剪可能会或可能不会被以太坊客户实施。SELFDESTRUCT之前称为SUICIDE，在EIP6中，SUICIDE更名为SELFDESTRUCT。

As long as the network exists, an intelligent contract exists and can be executed. If they are programmed to self-destruct or to use a commission or call code to perform the operation, they will disappear from the block chain. Once self-destruct operations are performed, the remaining Esther stored at the contract address will be sent to another address and the storage and code removed from the status. Although this is the intended action, the self-destruct contract trimester may or may not be performed by Taipan clients. SELFDESTRUCT, formerly known as SUICIDE, was renamed SELFDESTRUCT in EIP6.

以太坊的第四个也是最后一个发展阶段。Serenity尚未有计划的发布日期。

The fourth and final stage of development of the Etherm.

一种程序（命令式）编程语言，其语法类似于Python。也可用于编写功能（声明式）代码，尽管它并非完全没有副作用。少量使用。首先由Vitalik Buterin创建。

A program (ordered) programming language with a syntax similar to Python. It can also be used to write functional (statement) codes, although it does not have any side effects. It is used in small quantities. It was first created by Vitalik Buterin.

在以太坊的计算基础设施上执行的程序。

Programs implemented on the eBay's computing infrastructure.

一种程序（命令式）编程语言，其语法类似于JavaScript，C++或Java。以太坊智能合约中最受欢迎和最常用的语言。首先由Gavin Wood（本书的合著者）创建。

A program (ordered) programming language with a syntax similar to JavaScript, C++, or Java.

内联汇编包含使用EVM汇编的Solidity中的代码，可以将其视为EVM代码的人类可读形式。内联汇编试图解决编写手写汇编时遇到的固有难题和其他问题。

The internal compilation contains the code in Solidity, compiled using the EVM, which can be seen as a human readable form of the EVM code. The internal compilation attempts to solve the inherent difficulties and other problems encountered in the preparation of the manual compilation.

在＃2,675,00区块硬分叉来解决更多的拒绝服务攻击媒介，以及另一种状态清除。此外，还有重播攻击保护机制。

In #2,675,00 blocks, hard fork is used to resolve more denial-of-service attacks on media and another state-cleaning. In addition, there is a mechanism for rebroadcasting attacks to protect them.

去中心化（P2P）存储网络。它与Web3和Whisper一起用于构建DApps。

To centralize (P2P) storage networks. It works with Web3 and Whisper to build Dapps.

在＃2,463,00块的硬分叉改变某些IO运算的gas计算，并从拒绝服务攻击中清除累积状态，该攻击利用了这些操作的低gas成本。

In #2,463,00 hard forks, some IO calculations were changed and accumulated from denial-of-service attacks, which took advantage of the low gas costs of these operations.

一个测试网络（简称testnet）用于模拟以太坊主网的行为。

A testing network (testnet short) is used to simulate the behavior of the Etherms.

致力于以太坊区块链的数据由原始帐户签名，并针对特定地址。交易包含元数据，例如交易的gas限额。

The transaction contains metadata, such as the gas limit for the transaction.

其中一个最常用的以太坊开发框架。它由多个NodeJS软件包组成，可以使用节点软件包管理器（NPM）进行安装。

One of the most commonly used e-Team development frameworks. It consists of several NodeJS packages that can be installed using the Node Package Manager (NPM).

在可计算性理论中，如果数据操作规则系统（如计算机的指令集，程序设计语言或元胞自动机）可用于模拟任何图灵机，则它被称为图灵完备或计算通用的。这个概念是以英国数学家和计算机科学家阿兰图灵命名的。

In the theory of numeracy, if the data operating rules system (e.g. the computer's command set, program design language, or meta-synthetic self-motivation) can be used to simulate any Turing machine, it is called Turing complete or generic. The concept is named after Aranturing, a British mathematician and a computer scientist.

一种高级编程语言，类似于使用Python语法的Serpent。旨在接近纯功能语言。首先由Vitalik Buterin创建。

An advanced programming language, similar to the Python syntax Serpent, is designed to be close to a pure functional language. It is first created by Vitalik Buterin.

拥有所有密钥的软件。用作访问和控制你的以太坊账户并与智能合约交互的界面。请注意，密钥不需要存储在你的钱包中，并且可以从离线存储（例如USB闪存驱动器或纸张）中检索，以提高安全性。尽管有这个名字，但钱包永远不会储存真正的coins或tokens。

Software with all keys. An interface to access and control your ether accounts and interact with smart contracts. Note that keys need not be stored in your wallet and can be retrieved from offline storage (e.g. USB flash drive or paper) to improve security. Despite this name, wallets will never store the real coins or tookens.

Web的第三个版本。Web3首先由Gavin Wood提出，代表了Web应用程序的一个新愿景和焦点：从集中拥有和管理的应用程序到基于去中心化协议的应用程序。

The third version of Web. Web3, first proposed by Gavin Wood, represents a new vision and focus for Web applications: from centrally owned and managed applications to applications based on decentralised protocols.

ether的最小面额。 wei=1 ether

去中心化（P2P）通信服务。它与Web3和Swarm一起用于构建DApps。

Decentralizing (P2P) communication services. It works with Web3 and Swamm to build Dapps.

一个特殊的以太坊地址，全部20字节为零，在“合约创建交易”中被指定为目标地址。

A special eBay address, all 20 bytes zero, is designated as the target address in the “contract creation transaction”.