加密数字货币非法“挖矿”行为可能涉嫌的刑事犯罪
Criminal offence for which illegal “mining” of encrypted digital currency may be suspected
作者：李俊南 ，上海华勤基信（杭州）律师事务所负责人
Author: LEE Jun-nam, Head of the law firm in Hong Kong, Shanghai
近年来，比特币、莱特币、狗狗币等加密数字货币的火热行情吸引无数一夜暴富心态的人群积极参与，币安、火币、OKEx之类的网站迅速扩张拥有大量交易参与方，除了通过买卖途径，很多人也选择通过“挖矿”获得加密数字货币。在“挖矿”的过程中产生一系列行为，而其中部分行为可能涉嫌刑事犯罪。笔者认为，如果要辨析可能涉嫌刑事犯罪的行为，必须先就加密数字货币和“挖矿”行为的概念进行了解。
In recent years, the passions for encrypted digital currencies such as Bitcoin, Leitcoin, and Dogcoins have attracted the active participation of countless people who have become rife overnight. The rapid expansion of websites such as coins, coins, and OKEx has involved a large number of participants, many of whom have chosen to obtain encrypted digital money through “mining” in addition to buying and selling. A series of acts have arisen in the “mining” process, some of which may be suspected of criminal offences. In my view, the concept of encrypted digital money and “mining” must first be understood if criminal acts are to be identified.
第一部分 关于加密数字货币和“挖矿”的概念和性质
一、加密数字货币的概念
口语化普遍使用“虚拟货币”或者“数字货币”来指称比特币、莱特币、USDT、狗狗币等，其实“虚拟货币”或者“数字货币”的范围比较广泛，泛指不受管制的、数字化的货币，包括我们日常所知道的腾讯Q币、盛大元宝等游戏币或置换网站内部增值服务等的网络专用币，也包括加密数字货币，笔者本文探讨的各种行为或情节特指加密数字货币。加密数字货币是一种使用密码学原理来确保交易安全及控制交易单位创造的交易媒介或者商品，来源于开放式的算法导致没有固定的发行方或管理方，通过网络计算方法进行解密获得原始数字货币，因为算法解总量可控从而做到让数字货币总量固定，交易过程获得网络中各个节点的认可从而导致交易行为的固定性或安全性。
The term “virtual currency” or “digital currency” is commonly used to refer to Bitcoin, Leitecoin, USDT, dog money, etc., whereas the term “virtual currency” or “digital currency” is more extensive, referring in general to unregulated, digital currencies, including Q-coin, magnanimous coins, or Internet-specific currencies such as the internal value-added services of the website, as we know each day, and also to encrypted digital currencies, the acts or circumstances discussed in this paper refer specifically to encrypted digital money. Encrypted digital currency is a transaction medium that uses cryptological principles to ensure the security of transactions and control the goods created by the transaction unit, is derived from open algorithms that lead to the absence of a fixed issuer or regulator, and the original digital currency is decipherized by means of network computing, since the volume can be controlled so that the total amount of digital money can be fixed, and the transaction process is recognized by various sections of the network as fixed or secure to the conduct of the transaction.
加密数字货币与实物货币或者形式货币的数字化不同，《关于防范比特币风险的通知》[1]和《关于防范虚拟货币交易炒作风险的公告》[2]明确其作为虚拟商品的性质，“不由货币当局发行，不具有法偿性与强制性等货币属性，不是真正的货币，不应且不能作为货币在市场上流通使用”。货币最初为不容易大量获取的物品，而后变为金属（尤其是金银），这些本身即有价值的物品被挑选出来赋予交换权，按照某一时间点特定的价值比例可以循环、普适地交换其他商品或服务。政府（包括其他具有公信力的主体）成立后发行法币，基于政府公信力和金银储量等基础进行许诺，赋予法币可以代替实物货币进行与商品或服务之间的交换。法币（比如人民币、美元、英镑等）是在主权信用、货币契约理论和金银储备等基础上而被赋予的代表一定可供交换价值的社会接受度。而社会之所以接受，是因为发行法币时，主权机构将会就该等份额的法币作出相应信用许诺，法币具有转化为真实实物价值的可能性。通常每个主权国家或区域只使用一种法币，由中央银行发行和控制，严格遵循“MPQV”的公式进行计算，避免发生严重背离市场的通货膨胀或紧缩。
In contrast to the digitization of currencies or currencies in kind, encrypted digital currencies, the Circular on Protection against the Risk of Bitcoin[1] and the Proclamation on Protection against the Risks of Virtual Currency Transactions[2] specify their nature as virtual commodities, “not issued by monetary authorities, not having monetary attributes such as legality and compulsoryity, not real currency, and should not and cannot be used as a currency in the market.” Currency is initially not readily available in large quantities, but is later transformed into metals (in particular gold and silver), which are themselves valuable goods that are selected for exchange and are given a social acceptance of the value of other goods or services that can be exchanged at a given proportion of the value at a given point in time.
加密数字货币背后并没有所谓的主权信用或价值支撑，是通过区块链技术保密和流通、计算机算法而获得的虚拟物。区块链是用分布式数据库识别、传播和记载信息的智能化对等网络。2009年比特币第一个区块被开发出来，有人称之为“创世区块”。用于加密数字货币的计算机算法，目的是生成一种虚拟标记，这个标记被设定的程序认为完成了程序要求的解或运算结果程度，基于运算结果给这个标记一定的数字货币值。这个值本身没有内在价值，是数学难题的解答，充其量可能对应的就是解法研发和所耗费的“矿机”购买价格、能耗价格等，而前者无法代表有价物，后者代表的只有消耗而没有创造。
There is no so-called sovereign credit or value support behind the encrypted digital currency, which is a virtual object obtained through the technical secrecy and circulation of the block chain, computer algorithms. The block chain is an intelligent peer-to-peer network using distributed databases to identify, disseminate and document information. In 2009, the first block of Bitcoin was developed, some referred to as the “combine block”. The computer algorithm used to encrypt the digital currency is designed to produce a virtual marker, which is designed to see the extent to which the solvency or operation results required by the program have been completed, based on the result of the calculation. The value itself has no intrinsic value and is the answer to the mathematical dilemma, which may be matched by a solution to the problem of the purchase price of the mine machine, energy consumption, etc. The former cannot represent the price, whereas the latter represents consumption rather than creation.
二、“矿机”和“挖矿”
获得加密数字货币的初始方法就是运算，需要借助计算机（“矿机”）来完成复杂运算过程。“矿机”通过中央处理器芯片或者显卡参与数学计算，开展“挖矿”过程。如果能够计算出结果，那么被赋予一个或者几分之一个数字货币值。以比特币为例，“挖矿”就是找到一个随机数（Nonce）参与哈希运算Hash（BlockHeader），使得最后得到的哈希值符合难度要求。
The initial method of obtaining an encrypted digital currency is to calculate, which requires a computer (“mine machine”) to complete a complex calculation process. The Miner engages in a mathematical process through a central processor chip or a visible card. If the result can be calculated, it is given a monetary value of one or a fraction of the number. By Bitcoin, for example, “mining” is to find a random number (Nonce) involved in the Hash (BlockHeader) operation, which makes it difficult to obtain the last Hashi value.
“挖矿”过程涉及的参与方和设备材料包括矿工、矿机、矿机销售方、矿池管理方、区块确认和广播等。矿工可以简单地理解为参与“挖矿”的每个人或机构，矿池是为了避免单个矿工“挖矿”收益的不稳定性而聚合矿工后产生的集合，根据不同矿工的运算贡献对收益结果进行分配，区块确认和广播是通过区块链节点互相认可某一个矿机代表的矿工工作量证明，进行记账和通知其他节点。矿工的收益存储于有密钥的电子钱包中，可以查阅、使用和交易。“挖矿”的形式主要分为集中托管式和分布式，前者是矿工将矿机托管给某个矿池管理方，矿工支付电费和管理费，矿池管理方统一进行操作维护；后者是矿工自行管理矿机。
The participants and equipment involved in the “mining” process include miners, miners, mine sellers, mine managers, block confirmations and broadcasting. Miners can simply be understood as each person or institution involved in the “mining” process, where the pool is brought together to avoid the uncertainty of the individual miner's “mining” gains, the results of which are distributed according to the contribution of the different miners' calculations. Block confirmation and broadcasting are carried out through the mutual recognition of the workload proof of a miner's representative through a block chain node, accounting and notification of other nodes. The miner's proceeds are stored in an electronic wallet with a key and can be consulted, used and traded.
笔者认为单纯的“挖矿”行为在此前并未存在任何有关于涉嫌违法的法律规定，但2021年5月21日国务院金融稳定发展委员会召开第五十一次会议，根据会议精神，“坚决打击比特币挖矿和交易行为”，此后就虚拟货币非法“挖矿”行为应当会出台进一步的规定。
In my opinion, the mere “mining” act did not contain any legal provisions relating to alleged violations of the law, but on 21 May 2021 the Committee on Development of Financial Stability of the State Council held its fifty-first meeting, at which, in the spirit of the meeting, it was “resolved to combat the mining and trading of Bitcoin”, after which further provisions should be made for the illegal “mining” of virtual currency.
第二部分 非法“挖矿”行为涉及刑事犯罪的现状
一、笔者以“刑事案件”、“虚拟货币”、“挖矿”等关键词在中国裁判文书网中进行搜索，存在132篇文书。经过对案件文书的研判，笔者发现：
As a result of a review of the case file, I found that:
1.根据审判程序来看。一审判决书占比81.81%；二审裁定书等占比16.67%；审判监督驳回申诉通知书等占比1.52%。
1. According to the trial proceedings, first instance judgements accounted for 81.81 per cent; second instance decisions, etc., 16.67 per cent; and trial supervision notices of dismissal, etc., 1.52 per cent.
2.根据定罪罪名来看。（1）一审定罪主要分布为：盗窃罪主要为盗窃公共电力资源，计算机系统相关犯罪主要为在他人计算机内植入木马外挂程序、利用工作职务便利使用可控制的计算机系统挖矿等，非法吸收公众存款罪、诈骗罪、集资诈骗罪和组织、领导传销活动罪除了与“挖矿”有关，还与加密数字货币的发行紧密相关，少量盗窃罪和其他类案件主要是与矿机买卖相关，或“挖矿”收益取得后被非法侵犯产生的其他犯罪行为。大量案件为单一罪名，少量案件数罪并罚。（2）二审定罪主要为组织、领导传销组织犯罪，占50%；控制、入侵、破坏计算机系统等计算机系统相关犯罪，占18.18%；其余各项罪名（抢劫罪、集资诈骗罪、非法吸收公众存款罪、盗窃罪等）占31.82%。基本所有案件均维持原判。
2. On the basis of the conviction, the conviction in the first instance of (1) is distributed as follows: theft is primarily related to the theft of public electrical resources, computer-related offences are related mainly to the installation of a wooden horse outside the computer of another person, the use of work functions to facilitate mining using controlled computer systems, etc., the offence of illegal absorption of public deposits, fraud, money-gathering fraud and organization, and the crime of leading distribution, in addition to “mining”, is closely related to the circulation of encrypted digital money, and small theft and other types of cases are related mainly to the sale of mine machines or other criminal acts that have been unlawfully committed after the proceeds of mining have been obtained.
二、笔者另通过网络搜索发现：
II. The author also found through a web search: .
2018年5月腾讯网报道[3]称，“西安市未央区检察院提前介入一起特大网络黑客盗窃虚拟货币案，并批捕该案三名嫌疑人。三名嫌疑人为专业化的网络技术人员，组织‘黑客联盟’非法侵入他人计算机系统并将计算机中的虚拟货币转移，涉案金额高达6亿元”。
In May 2018, TUNNET reported[3] that “the Public Prosecutor's Office of the City of Xiong has intervened early in a case involving the hacking of virtual currency on a meganet and has sanctioned three suspects in the case. Three suspects are professional network technicians, organized by the “Hacks Union” to break into computer systems and transfer virtual money from computers, amounting to $600 million”.
2020年11月哈尔滨新闻网报道[4]称，黑龙江警方抓获28名犯罪嫌疑人，成功破获一起涉嫌以“哥伦布CAT虚拟货币”“挖矿”为噱头的特大网络传销案件，总价值近人民币3亿元。
In November 2020, the Harbin News Network reported[4] that the Heilongjiang police had captured 28 suspects and successfully uncovered a case of a mega-networked distribution suspected of using the “mining” of the “Columbo CAT Virtual Currency” for a total value of nearly 300 million yuan.
2021年5月8日法制现场报道[5]称，武汉市洪山警方“宣布打掉一专为网络诈骗团伙开发APP的科技公司”，“晟昌科技”接受委托定制开发一款名为联合众鑫的虚拟币平台，以USDT充值后，“宣称兑换联合众鑫独有币种ZBCT后，可在平台内购买矿机挖矿产生收益”，但矿机运营图片全部为网络图片，同时可以使用后台修改权限，“随意修改ZBCT价格及具体收益比率”。“晟昌科技”公司“3年间开发了150余个涉及区块链、虚拟货币、电子钱包、网络商城等APP、小程序，几乎全部是网络金融诈骗、传销团伙所定制”[6]。
According to a rule of law live report dated 8 May 2021,[5] the Wuhan City Hongshan Police “declared a technology company that developed an APP for a network fraud group”, “Shangchang Technology” commissioned the development of a virtual currency platform called the United People's Group, which, after being replenished with USDT, “proclaims that, after converting to the Union's unique currency of ZBCT, profits from mining machines can be purchased within the platform”, but the miner operates on all images of the Internet and may use backstage to modify its authority to “modify ZBCT prices and specific rates of return”. “Shangcant Technologies” has developed more than 150 small programs involving block chains, virtual money, electronic wallets, cybermarkets, etc. over a three-year period, almost all of which are custom-made by cyberfinancial fraud and distribution groups”[6].
公布案例和网络报道表明，近年来与加密数字货币“挖矿”行为相关的违法犯罪活动非常猖獗，采取网络等方式，存在金额高、行为性质复杂、多角色参与、受害者群体遍布广等特征。
The publication of cases and web-based reports shows that criminal activities linked to crypto-digital money “mining” have been rampant in recent years, characterized by a high level of money, complex behaviour, multi-role participation and a wide range of victims, including through networks.
第三部分 就非法“挖矿”行为涉及刑事犯罪的一些思考
Part III of some reflections on the criminal offence of illegal “mining”
一、我国关于非法“挖矿”行为的态度
I. Our attitude towards illegal “mining”
从2013年12月中国人民银行等五部委发布的《关于防范比特币风险的通知》至2021年5月21日国务院金融稳定发展委员会第五十一次会议要求，都在宏观层面确认了加密数字货币在发行、交易过程中可能存在风险。因为加密数字货币去中心化不可管控的特性，被大量的犯罪活动所“青睐”。
From the December 2013 Circular on Protection against Bitcoin Risk, issued by five ministries, including the People's Bank of China, to the fifty-first meeting of the State Council Committee on Financial Stability and Development, on 21 May 2021, it was confirmed at the macro level that there may be risks in the issuance and trading of encrypted digital currencies. Because of the centralization of encrypted digital currencies, they are “approached” by a large number of criminal activities.
2021年5月25日，内蒙古发展和改革委员会发布了《关于坚决打击惩戒虚拟货币“挖矿”行为八项措施（征求意见稿）》，发布之前已多次对虚拟货币“挖矿”和交易行为进行围追堵截。国家能源局四川监管办公室发布《关于召开虚拟货币“挖矿”有关情况调研座谈会的通知》。
On 25 May 2021, the Inner Mongolia Committee for Development and Reform issued the Eight Measures (Advisory Drafts) on the resolute fight against the punishment of the “mining” of the virtual currency, which was preceded by a number of round-ups of the “mining” and trading practices. The National Energy Agency's Sichuan Regulatory Office issued a circular on the convening of a research seminar on the “mining” of the virtual currency.
二、从国际上而言
新加坡、韩国、日本等地均已出台了与虚拟货币相关的行业规范政策，比如在投资人门槛、交易所牌照、实名认证机制等方面均有所要求。印度则准备直接禁止民众交易及持有加密数字货币。各个国家和地区的大趋势也逐渐朝着管控方向归拢。
In Singapore, South Korea, Japan, etc., industrial regulatory policies related to virtual currencies have been put in place, for example, in terms of investor thresholds, exchange license plates, and real-name certification mechanisms. India is prepared to ban people directly from trading and holding encrypted digital currencies.
三、非法“挖矿”行为的非法性体现分析
III. Analysis of the illegality of illegal “mining”
单纯的个人购买或者租用矿机进行加密数字货币“挖矿”，并未有法律规定禁止，这是基于个人需要而获得虚拟商品的行为，需要被禁止的应当是带有非法属性的“挖矿”行为。
The mere purchase or rental of a mine machine for the purpose of encrypting digital money “mining”, which is not prohibited by law, is the acquisition of virtual goods on the basis of an individual's needs and should be prohibited as “mining” with illegal characteristics.
前文提及的案例表明，主要犯罪行为体现为：
The cases mentioned above show that the main offences are as follows:
1.技术型非法攫取
1. Technology-based illegal seizure
部分不法分子利用投资者购买矿机，或管理计算机，或其他便利条件，通过对计算机系统内植入木马病毒为自己“挖矿”，涉嫌入侵、控制或破坏计算机系统犯罪,或盗取他人已经获得的加密数字货币涉嫌盗窃罪。
Some outlaws use investors to purchase mining machines, or to manage computers, or other facilities to “mining” for themselves by implanting a wooden horse virus into the computer system, and are suspected of having committed a crime of invasion, control or destruction of computer systems or of stealing an encrypted digital currency that has been acquired by others /strong >.
2.盗取电力资源
2. Theft of electricity resources
部分不法分子通过私设电缆、增设微电脑控制器等手段盗窃电能用于“挖矿”，已经成为了部分地区的多发性案件。盗电行为不仅仅直接通过秘密手段非法使用和侵犯了公共资源和他人合法权益，同时可能会因线路漏电引起火灾、影响节能减排政策下的区域供电安排和平衡、影响区域性阶梯用电的电价，应予以打击。
The theft of electricity for “mining” by some outlaws through the use of private cables, the addition of microcomputer controllers, etc., has become a multidimensional case in some parts of the world. The theft of electricity is not only a direct and clandestine use and violation of public resources and the legitimate rights and interests of others.
3.引发非法吸收公众存款罪，诈骗罪或组织、领导传销活动罪等涉众
Stewardship of （1）A宣称可以销售（含销售后托管）或租赁矿机进行“挖矿”， A向社会公众宣称，矿机具有强大的算力（衡量矿机销售价格或租赁费用多以算力或配置为主要标准之一），称可以每月获得一定的加密数字货币收益回报。如果回报是维持在一定的固定标准时，则A就有可能涉嫌非法吸收公众存款罪。 (1) A claims that it can sell (including post-sale hosting) or lease a mine machine for “mining”, and A claims to the public that the mine machine has a strong arithmetic (measures that the sale price or lease cost of the mine machine is mostly based on arithmetic or configuration as one of the main criteria) and that it can receive a certain return on the proceeds of encrypted digital money on a monthly basis. If the return is maintained at a certain fixed standard, then A is likely to be suspected of illegally absorbing public deposits . （2）A宣称其矿机存在一定标准的算力，但实际未达到该等运算效率，甚至矿机并不实际存在，A收受投资人支付的购买款和租赁费，就涉嫌诈骗罪、合同诈骗罪或集资诈骗罪。 (2) A claims that its mine has a certain standard of arithmetic power, but that it does not actually achieve that level of efficiency or even the actual existence of the mine, and that the purchase and lease fees paid by the A recipient of the investor are suspected of fraud, contract fraud or fund-raising fraud in respect of . （3）A通过三级以上代理渠道推广“挖矿”业务，要求各级代理必须先购买或承租一定数量的矿机，可以介绍他人参与购买或承租矿机“挖矿”的行为，可以获得浮动收益。也就是说，代理通过购买或承租一定数量的矿机获得入会资格，再通过拉人头等方式拿到另外的利润分配，形成三级或以上组织架构，A将涉嫌组织、领导传销活动罪。 (3) A promotes the “mining” business through a level III or more agency, which requires that agents at all levels must first purchase or lease a certain number of mine machines and may refer to the involvement of others in the purchase or lease of a miner's “mining” behaviour and gain floating benefits. In other words, the agent acquires membership by purchasing or renting a certain number of miners, then obtains an alternative profit distribution by, for example, pulling heads and forming a third or more organizational structure, and A makes 四、再进一步思考 1.A没有矿机或矿机根本不符合其宣称的性能，向投资人销售的同时约定托管，或进行租赁时以虚假信息表现存在矿机、以各种借口阻止投资人现场查看或查看虚假场所，但是A与投资人约定退出机制并按月交付投资收益，在市场上购买加密数字货币宣称“挖矿所得”给予投资人、赚取利差的行为，是否涉嫌犯罪？笔者认为A的行为属于诈骗行为，究其本质都是采用了虚构事实或者隐瞒真相的行为，使投资人误以为A有符合宣传的矿机、可以带来符合预期的收益，才支付的购买价款或租赁费用。 While A does not have a mine machine or mine machine that does not at all match its stated performance, sells it to an investor and agrees to host it, or rents it under false information that it exists, prevents the investor from viewing or viewing false sites under various pretexts, A agrees with the investor to withdraw from the mechanism and delivers the investment proceeds on a monthly basis, buys an encrypted digital currency on the market that claims to be “the proceeds of mining” to the investor, earns a profit margin, is suspected of committing a crime? I think that A's conduct is fraudulent and is essentially based on the use of false facts or the concealment of the truth, making the investor mistakenly believe that A has a mine that is in line with publicity and that it can produce the expected return for the purchase price or rental costs. 2.A自己发行了一种加密数字货币，自行定价，宣称租赁A的矿机可以“挖矿”获得该加密数字货币，实际上并没有矿机供投资人使用，仅仅是根据投资人的投入金额，向投资人固定地发放加密数字货币。A通过程序设定“挖矿”所得数量，甚至将该加密数字货币与主流加密数字货币的兑换价格无限调整，是否涉嫌犯罪？笔者认为，A的行为仍然是诈骗行为，该加密数字货币可能仅仅在A控制网络节点中做闭环运作，通过一系列的包装，利用投资人的回报期待，以无价值的数字化产物置换法币（也可能现要求投资人以法币购买主流加密数字货币，再以主流加密数字货币进行投资，增加手段的隐蔽性），实际上还是非法占有受害人财产。 2. A itself issued an encrypted digital currency, priced on its own, claiming that the leased A mine could “mining” the encrypted digital currency, and that there was virtually no miner for the investor to use, and simply issued the encrypted digital currency on a fixed basis to the investor based on the investor’s input amount. A sets the amount of “mining” proceeds through a procedure, even adjusting the exchange price of the encrypted digital currency to the mainstream encrypted digital currency indefinitely, and is it suspected of committing a crime? According to the author, A’s actions may remain fraudulent, and the encrypted digital currency may operate in closed circles only in the A-controlled node, using a series of packagings, the investor’s return expectations, replacing the French currency with a valueless digital product (and may now require the investor to purchase the mainstream encrypted digital currency in French currency, to invest in the mainstream encrypted digital currency, to increase the hiddenness of the means) or, in fact, to illegally take possession of the property of the victim. 3.A发行了加密数字货币，投资人租赁矿机参与“挖矿”的目的不在于看好该加密数字货币的升值空间，而在于该加密数字货币与主流加密数字货币的恒定兑换比例。投资人以其获得的黑色或灰色收入购买该加密数字货币，在闭环系统里兑换为主流加密数字货币，通过买卖获得法币资产。涉及犯罪所得的非法收入通过“挖矿”洗白。A的行为根据其故意程度、参与上游犯罪程度，可能涉嫌上游犯罪的共犯、帮助网络信息犯罪活动罪、掩饰隐瞒犯罪所得罪、洗钱罪等。 3.A has issued encrypted digital money, and investors lease miners to participate in “mining” not for the purpose of looking at the appreciation space of the encrypted digital currency, but rather for the constant exchange ratio of the encrypted digital currency with the mainstream encrypted digital currency. The investor buys the encrypted digital currency with the black or grey income it receives, converts it into the main encrypted digital currency in a closed loop system, and acquires French currency assets by buying and selling. Illicit proceeds related to the proceeds of crime are laundered through “mining”.A's conduct, depending on the extent of its intentional involvement in the predicate offence, may be suspected of complicity in the predicate offence, aiding cyber-information criminal activity, concealing the proceeds of crime, money-laundering, etc. 综上所述，大量人群为了高回报期待参与“挖矿”行为，在不法分子的引诱、欺骗下，或在自身利益驱动下可能发生违法犯罪的行为，涉案的罪名种类繁多，行为手段也日趋复杂化、隐蔽化、涉众化，需要加强监管，避免加密数字货币的热潮给犯罪活动提供温床。 On the basis of the foregoing, large groups of people expect to be involved in “mining” for high returns, with the possibility of criminal offences being committed under the inducement, deception or driven by their own interests, involving a wide range of offences, with increasingly sophisticated, covert and popular means, and with the need to strengthen supervision in order to avoid a hot tide of encrypted digital money that could provide a breeding ground for criminal activity. [1]关于防范比特币风险的通知 (csrc.gov.cn) [1] Notice of protection against the risk of Bitcoin (csrc.gov.cn) [2]三协会联合发布公告：防范虚拟货币交易炒作风险 (baidu.com) [2] Joint communiqué issued by the three associations: Protection against exposure to virtual currency transactions (baidu.com) [3]西安三男子组织“黑客联盟”盗取虚拟货币涉案金额高达6亿元|盗窃|未央|虚拟货币(qq.com) [3] The Hacking Alliance of the Three Men of Xian was involved in the theft of the virtual currency (qq.com) for up to $600 million. [4]案值3亿元！丨黑龙江警方侦破区块链虚拟币特大网络传销案 (baidu.com) [4] The case is worth $300 million! [5]洪山警方揪出网络诈骗背后“递刀者” 科技公司开发150余个APP助纣为虐 (baidu.com) [5] The Hong Kong police found the “Knife Handler” behind the cyber fraud. [6]曝光｜为诈骗团伙开发150余个APP涉虚拟币骗局，警方一锅端！_腾讯新闻(qq.com) [6] Exposure to the development of more than 150 APP-related virtual currency scams for fraud syndicates, police pot! qq.com.
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