本文主要为大家介绍区块链的特征，区块链主要有去中心化、不可篡改、可追溯、开放性、匿名性、民主性这几个特性。
This paper highlights the characteristics of the block chain, which is mainly decentralized, non-manufactured, retrospective, open, anonymous and democratic.
区块链最大的特性就是“去中心化”，去中心化意味着：数据的存储、更新、维护、操作等过程，都将基于“分布式账本”，而不再基于“中心化机构”那个总的服务器。这样一来，就可以避免“中心化机构”因失误造成的种种不良后果，解决我们现实生活中遇到的许多困扰，比如说：中心化服务器宕机、被黑客攻击，或者中心化机构不靠谱等问题。
The greatest feature of the block chain is “decentralization”, which means that the process of storing, updating, maintaining, operating, etc. data will be based on a “distributed account” rather than on the general server of the “centralized agency.” In this way, the negative consequences of the failure of the “centralized agency” can be avoided and many of the problems we face in real life, such as centralization of servers, hacking, or centralization of institutions.
为什么我们说，区块链最大的特征就是“去中心化”呢 ？这还要从比特币说起，比特币是区块链的首次应用，比特币设计的初衷就是一套去中心化的、点对点的电子现金系统。比特币被人熟知之后，它背后的底层技术区块链才逐渐受到关注。所以，我们可以说，去中心化是区块链的根本特性，也是区块链所要达到的终极理想。
Why do we say that the most important feature of the block chain is “decentralization”? And, starting with Bitcoin, which is the first application of the block chain, bitcoin was designed to be a decentralized, point-to-point electronic cash system. After Bitcoin was well known, the bottom-of-the-line technical block chain became the focus of attention.
区块链还有一个重要的特性是“不可篡改”。区块链上的内容都需要采用密码学原理进行复杂的运算、换算之后才能够记录上链，而且区块链上，后面的内容会包含前面的内容，这就使得信息篡改的难度非常大、篡改成本非常高，这就是区块链“不可篡改”的特性。
Another important feature of the block chain is that it is “non-manufactured”. The content of the block chain requires complex computing using cryptography, conversion to record the upper chain, and the content of the block chain will contain the preceding elements, making it very difficult and costly to tamper with information, which is the “non-changeable” character of the block chain.
区块链“不可篡改”的特性，意味着一旦数据写入到区块链, 任何人都无法擅自更改数据信息。这一特性天然适合许多领域，比如：公益慈善领域中的钱款监督、审计领域的效率提升、版权保护、医疗事业、教育领域中的学历信息认证等等。
The “non-manufacturing” character of the block chain means that once the data is written into the block chain, no one can change the data information without permission. This is naturally appropriate in many areas, such as money monitoring in the area of charitable public goods, efficiency enhancement in the area of auditing, copyright protection, medical careers, certification of academic information in the field of education, etc.
可追溯，也是区块链的一个重要特性。我们之前讲过（在第一课的时候）区块链是一个“块链式数据”结构，类似于一条环环相扣的“铁链”，下一环的内容包含上一环的内容，链上的信息依据时间顺序环环相扣，这就使得区块链上任意的一条数据都可以通过“块链式数据结构”追溯到其本源，这就是区块链的“可追溯性”。
Retroactive, and an important feature of the block chain. As we have previously mentioned (at the time of the first lesson), the block chain is a “symmetrical data” structure, similar to a “chain of chains” that binds together, and the contents of the next ring contain the contents of the first ring, which binds the information on the chain in chronological order, making it possible for any data in the block chain to be traced back to its source through a “synchronous data structure”, which is the “retroactivity” of the block chain.
这一特性的应用领域也非常广泛，除了我们上面说到的公共事业、审计领域、版权保护、医疗、学历认证等，还有一个重要的应用就是——供应链。基于区块链的可追溯性，产品从最初生产的那一刻便记录在区块链上，之后的运输、销售、监管信息也都会 记录在区块链上，一旦发生问题，就可以往前追溯，看一看到底是哪个环节出了问题。这样一来，发生假疫苗事件、毒奶粉事件的概率就会大大降低。
The field of application of this characteristic is also very broad, and in addition to the public utility, auditing, copyright protection, medical care, academic certification and so on, one important application is the supply chain. On the basis of the traceability of the block chain, products are recorded on the block chain from the moment of their initial production, and subsequent transport, sales, and regulatory information are recorded on the block chain, and if there is a problem, we can go back and see which link is the problem.
区块链同时具有开放性和匿名性。开放性和匿名性看起来是个矛盾体，不过，我们说区块链它的先进之处就在于它能够同时满足数据的开放性和匿名性。区块链的开放性和匿名性，其实也是源于它的根本特性——去中心化。
The chain of blocks is open and anonymous at the same time. Openness and anonymity seem to be contradictory, but what we say is that the chain of blocks is advanced is that it can satisfy both the openness and the anonymity of the data. The openness and anonymity of the chain of blocks are, in fact, derived from its very essence -- decentralization.
我们先说开放性。因为区块链是去中心化的，所有网络节点都可以参与数据的记录维护，（联盟链和私有链例外），所以，它的数据必须是开放的呀，只有开放了，才能保证所有人都可以参与进来，才能保证数据的安全性，让其他人无法在光天化日下篡改数据。
Let's start with openness. Because block chains are decentralized, and all network nodes can be involved in data record-keeping (except for union and private chains), its data must be open, and only if it is open will it be possible for all people to participate in it, and it will be safe for the data, so that others will not be able to tamper with it in broad daylight.
随着区块链技术的发展，继比特币系统之后，又出现了以太坊。以太坊这条区块链呢，比比特币更加先进一些，以太坊和比特币事先设定好交易系统操作不同，以太坊是一种开源的、可编程的区块链。通俗来说，以太坊系统相当于搭建了一套比较完备的“底层架构”，类似安卓、苹果，应用开发者们可以在这条系统上开发软件。
With the development of block chain technology, after the Bitcoin system, Etheria has emerged. It is more advanced than Bitcoin, and it operates differently than Tethco and Bitcoin, which is an open-source, programmable block chain. In general terms, the Taiyu system is equivalent to a complete “bottom architecture” similar to Andre and Apple, on which developers can develop software.
所以，以太坊系统也可以看作是区块链的开放性，而且这个“开放性”还是升级版本的。因此，我们说，区块链是非常有潜力的一种技术，只要我们能够充分发现并利用它的开放性，那么它就完全可以跳出比特币这种单一的、为数字货币服务的局限，进而应用到许多应用场景中。
So, the Etherm system can also be seen as open to block chains, and this “openness” is an upgraded version. So, we say, the block chain is a very promising technology that, as long as we can fully discover and exploit its openness, can well jump out of a single bitcoin that serves digital money, and then apply it to many applications.
开放性的主要作用在于保护数据的安全可靠。可是，除了要保证数据的安全性，我们还要保证链上节点的权益，也就是要保护他们的交易隐私，不能让全网节点都在这个开放的大账本上看见你家有多少钱。所以区块链采用密码学里面的一些手段，在数据完全公开的前提下，保证私人信息的安全，这就是所谓的“匿名性”。（我们在比特币章节里面讲的哈希运算呀、非对称加密呀、私钥呀、公钥呀这些就是所谓的密码学手段）
The main role of openness is to protect the security of data. But, in addition to ensuring the security of data, we also need to safeguard the rights and interests of the chain nodes, that is, to protect their privacy of transactions, and not to allow the whole net node to see how much money your home has on this large open account book. So the block nodes use some of the means in cryptography to secure private information, which is called “anonymity” as long as the data are completely public.
区块链的“匿名性”，最开始风靡于“暗网”，但区块链的“匿名性”绝非只适用于暗网。在现实生活中，区块链的“匿名性”能够在保护个人隐私方面发挥很大的作用，最典型的就是网络购物了，现在的网络购物其实非常不安全，我们买什么、我们的姓名、地址、电话都会提供给卖家，你给差评呢，有的卖家就给你寄恐怖的东西恐吓你。而基于区块链的“匿名性”呢，卖家知道你的地址，却不知道你是谁，这样一来就保护了我们的个人隐私安全。
The “faceless” of the block chain is the first to be seen as the “bark net”, but the “faceless” of the block chain is not just for the dark web. In reality, the “faceless” of the block chain can play a significant role in protecting the privacy of individuals. The most typical is Internet shopping, which is very unsafe now, and what we buy, our names, addresses, and telephones are available to sellers.
区块链“去中心化”的特性，决定了在区块链的世界里，没有一个“中心化”的权威机构，这就使得区块链具备高度的民主性。区块链的民主性体现在：区块链采用协商一致的机制，即“共识机制”，基于节点们的投票、信任，使整个系统中的所有节点都能在这个系统中自由安全地存储数据、更新数据。
The “decentralized” nature of the block chain determines that there is no “centralized” authority in the world of the block chain, which gives the chain a high degree of democracy. The democratic nature of the block chain is reflected in the adoption of a consensual mechanism, the “consensus mechanism”, based on nodes’ votes, trust, which enables all nodes of the system to store data and update them freely and safely in the system.
投票、信任、协商，这些都属于“民主”范畴。从这个角度上看，区块链的“民主性”有望打破现有的生产关系：在区块链这个生态系统里面，维护系统的权力被广泛分布到节点手里，各个节点都是平等的，基于投票产生的共识和信任，在系统里面发挥自己的作用，为系统做出贡献来获取奖励。
Votes, trust, and consultations are all part of the “democratic” realm. From this perspective, the “democratic” nature of the block chain is expected to break the existing productive relationship: within the ecosystem of the block chain, the power to maintain the system is widely distributed to nodes, all nodes are equal, based on consensus and trust generated by the vote, playing their part in the system and contributing to the system for rewards.
最后我们总结一下今天的内容，今天我们为大家介绍了区块链的特性，区块链最根本的特性是：去中心化，由去中心化进而引出了它的开放性和匿名性，即：去中心化就意味着数据记录操作权力下放到每一个网络节点上，这就使得区块链具备开放性（人人可参与）；但是开放性的同时，还要保证节点的隐私，区块链采用密码学原理保护节点隐私，使区块链实现了“匿名性”。去中心化保证了数据的安全和节点的安全，那么人人都可以放心参与进来，而参与的人多了，谁都不能随意更改数据，这就使得区块链具备了不可篡改性；此外，区块链本身是一个块链式数据结构，这就使它具有可追溯性。
In conclusion, we present today the characteristics of the block chain. The most fundamental features of the block chain are: decentralization, which leads to its openness and anonymity, namely: decentralization, which means that data recording operations are decentralized to every network node, which makes the block chain open (involvement for all); but openness, which also guarantees the privacy of nodes, the use of cryptography to protect the node's privacy so that the block chain can be “anonymized”. Decentralized ensures the security of the data and the node.
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