中本聪提出的《比特币：一种点对点的电子现金系统》中结合了许多密码学创新成果，例如非对称加密，分布式电子加密货币系统，工作量验证，点对点网络技术哈希现金等。这些先驱们的知识土壤最终孕育了比特币的诞生，
In the Chinese version of Bitcoin: an electronic cash system for point-to-point, China’s Bentley has combined many innovations in cryptography, such as as asymmetric encryption, distributed electronic encryption of currency systems, workload validation, point-to-point network technology, Hashi cash. These pioneers’ knowledge base eventually gave birth to Bitcoin.
一、密码朋克，比特币先驱
I. The code punk. Bitcoin pioneer.
基于密码学技术的比特币，并非加密货币之发轫，早在20世纪80年代，密码朋克就有了加密货币的最初设想。
Bitcoin, based on cryptography, is not an encoded currency. As early as the 1980s, cryptographic punks had the original idea of an encrypted currency.
蒂莫西·梅（Timothy May）第一个提出了不可追踪的电子货币——加密信用（Crypto Credits），主要用于奖励那些致力于保护公民隐私的黑客们。
Timothy May was the first to introduce non-traceable electronic money — Crypto Credits — primarily to reward hackers who work to protect the privacy of their citizens.
1982年莱斯利·兰伯特（Leslie Lamport）等人1982年提出的拜占庭将军问题（Byzantine Generals Problem）。试图建立具有容错性的分布式系统，即使部分节点失效仍可确保系统正常运行，也可让多个基于零信任基础的节点达成共识，并确保信息传递的一致性。
The Byzantine Generals Problem, raised in 1982 by Leslie Lamport et al., seeks to create a distributional system that is faulty and that ensures the proper functioning of the system even if some nodes fail, allowing consensus to be reached at multiple nodes based on zero trust and ensuring consistency in the transmission of information.
1990年，大卫·乔姆（David Chaum）提出注重隐私安全的密码学网路支付系统，具有不可追踪的特性，就是后来的电子货币Ecash。但由于Ecash并非去中心化系统，即使后来很多电子加密货币继承了Ecash重视隐私安全的特性，以盲签名技术为基础，都没有流行起来。
In 1990, David Chaum proposed a privacy-sensitive web-based payment system with non-traceable features, i.e., a later electronic currency, Ecash. Since Ecash is not a decentralised system, even later, many e-encrypted currencies inherited the privacy-safe character of Ecash, which was not popular and based on blind signature technology.
二、非对称加密、点对点技术、哈希现金 比特币的三项关键技术。
II. Asymmetric encryption, point-to-point technology, Hash cash, three key technologies for Bitcoin.
真正比特币的加密理论基础主要来源于以下几项密码学的技术创新，而这其中非对称加密、点对点技术、哈希现金是比特币的三项关键技术。
The true foundation of Bitcoin's encryption theory stems mainly from several cryptography technological innovations, of which asymmetric encryption, point-to-point technology, and Hash cash are three key technologies of Bitcoin.
1、非对称加密算法
1. Asymmetric encryption algorithms
这些加密算法奠定了现在非对称加密理论的基础，被广泛应用于网络通信领域。
These encryption algorithms, which form the basis of the current asymmetric encryption theory, are widely applied in the area of network communications.
1988年，戴伟（Dai Wei）提出了匿名的、分布式的电子加密货币系统-B-money。分布式思想是比特币的重要灵感来源，在比特币的官网上，B-money被认为是比特币的精神先导。
In 1988, Dai Wei introduced the anonymous and distributed electronic encryption system, B-Money. Distributive thinking is an important source of inspiration for Bitcoin, where B-Money is considered to be the spiritual leader of Bitcoin on the official web.
2005年，尼克·萨博（Nick Szabo）提出比特金（Bitgold）的设想：用户通过竞争解决数学难题，再将解答的结果用加密算法串联在一起公开发布，构建出一个产权认证系统。
In 2005, Nick Szabo put forward the idea of Bitgold: users solve math problems through competition, then link the results of the answers to the public publication of the encryption algorithms, and construct a title certification system.
该系统非常类似于比特币的理念，且发布日期与比特币非常接近。
The system is very similar to the Bitcoin concept and the publication date is very close to Bitcoin.
2、点对点技术
2. Point-to-point technology
非对称加密技术的发明以及创立Napsterl的肖恩?范宁（Shawn Fning)与肖恩?帕克（ ShawnParke）点对点网络技术的开发，使比特币的出现成为可能。
The emergence of Bitcoin was made possible by the invention of asymmetric encryption technology and the development of the Shawn Fning and Shawn Parke point-to-point network technology that created Napsterl.
通过这两项技术，可以建立分布式交易账簿，并以呼叫问答机制向全网广播，网络节点不停地检查接收的数据，避免数据被篡改。
Through these two technologies, distributed transaction books can be created and broadcast on the Internet through call and question-and-answer mechanisms, with nodes continuously checking the data received to avoid tampering with the data.
以上整个技术发展历程就像是一次扣人心弦的橄榄球进攻，在乔姆、戴伟、萨博等“明星球员”的冲刺下，每一次冲阵都前进了一些，但离“达阵”总还差一点距离。这一点距离就是：哈希现金。
The entire process of technological development is like an infuriated football attack, with each of the first punches of Jom, Dave and Sabo, but a little bit closer to the touchdown. That's the distance: Hashi's cash.
3、哈希现金
Three. Hash's cash.
最后的难点——“双重支付”的解决，则为比特币的最终问世扫清一切障碍。
The last difficulty — the solution of “double payment” — was to clear up all the obstacles to the eventual advent of Bitcoin.
1977年，亚当?拜克发明了哈希现金（Hash Cash）算法机制。虽然最初的设计是用于用于限制垃圾邮件发送与拒绝服务攻击。
Adam Baker invented the Hash Cash algorithm in 1977. Although originally designed to limit spam sending and denial of service attacks.
2004年经哈尔?芬尼改进，将哈希现金算法改进为“可复用的工作量验证（Reusable Proofs of Work）”后，标志着比特币所有的技术都已成熟。
The improvement of the Hashi cash algorithm in 2004 to “Reusable Proofs of Work” marked the maturity of all the technologies in Bitcoin.
2008年，由中本聪完成“达阵”，将RPOW（可复用工作量验证）引入加密货币，比特币诞生了！
In 2008, the “Dialogue” was completed by Nakamoto, introducing the RPOW (reusable workload validation) into an encrypted currency, and Bitcoin was born!
三、比特币的诞生
III. The birth of Bitcoin
2008年11月1日，中本聪在秘密讨论群“密码学邮件组”发了一个帖子：“我正在开发一种新的电子货币系统，采用完全点对点的形式，而且无须受信第三方的介入”。该帖的署名就是塞托西?中本聪（Satoshi Nakamoto）。
On November 1, 2008, a post was sent by China-Bumbon to the secret discussion group, the cryptography Mail Group: “I am developing a new electronic money system in a completely point-to-point form, without the involvement of a trusted third party.” The post was signed by Setoshi Nakamoto.
2008年全球金融危机的时将比特币公布于世。
Bitcoin was announced at the time of the global financial crisis in 2008.
2009年1月3日，中本聪发布了开源的第一版比特币客户端，宣告了比特币的诞生。同时通过“挖矿”得到了50枚比特币，产生第一批比特币的区块就叫作“创始区块”（Genesis block）。
On 3 January 2009, China’s first version of the open-source Bitcoin client was released, declaring Bitcoin’s birth. At the same time, 50 bitcoins were obtained through “mining” and the first bitcoin blocks were called Genesis Block.
中本聪是当时研究数字货币的程序员，他具备了发明比特币技术思维：
Nakamoto was the programmer who studied digital money at the time, and he had the technical thinking to invent bitcoin:
对货币有非常深入的思考；
There is a very deep thinking about the currency;
了解密码学；
Knowledge of cryptography;
认为比特币这样的系统从理论上是可行的；
A system such as Bitcoin was considered to be theoretically feasible;
有足够的动力将这个理念开发成实际产品；
There is enough incentive to develop this idea into a practical product;
出色的编程能力，且保证产品安全；
Excellent programming capacity and product safety;
足够的社交技巧。
Enough social skills.
——本文有IT徐瑞编辑，文章所涉及信息来源于网络。
— This paper is edited by IT Xu Swe, and the article concerns a source of information on the Internet.
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