2008年，神秘人中本聪发明比特币的时候，是因为当时发生了全球经济危机，中本聪想，如果能构建一个没有中心机构的货币发行体系，货币就不会被无限超发，大家都很公平公正。于是中本聪构建了比特币这样一个体系，但如何解决比特币日积月累庞大的交易信息呢？虽然交易记录会被广播到网络中，但如何判断其真假，如何判断是否被重复支付，都是非常困难的事情。
In 2008, when the Mysteries invented Bitcoin, it was because of the global economic crisis in which they thought that if they built a money distribution system without a central institution, the money would not be inexhaustible, and that everyone would be fair and fair. So he built a system like Bitcoin, but how to solve the month-long trade information of Bitcoin? Although the record of the transaction would be broadcast on the network, it would be very difficult to judge whether it was true or not to be paid again.
【课前知识点】
(pre-school knowledge points)
“节点”：比特币用户在电脑上运行比特币客户端，这样的电脑称为节点。
"Node": Bitcoin users run a Bitcoin client on a computer called node.
“矿工”：是竞争挖矿的人或组织叫“矿工”；
“Mineers”: are competitionrs or organizations called “Mineers”;
“工作量证明”：简单理解是“干的越多，收的越多”；
“Credit of Work”: A simple understanding is “the more you do, the more you get”;
“区块”：平均每10分钟网络诞生账本的一页，我们称之为区块；
Blocks: a page of an account book born on an average of 10 minutes of network, which we call blocks;
“区块链”：每个区块被打上时间戳，按照严格的先后顺序，连接起来，就叫区块链。
“Plus chains”: Each block is time-stamped and connected in strict order of order and is called a block chain.
为了解决此问题，中本聪发明了区块链技术。节点依靠区块来同步交易，保证所有节点数据的统一性，并通过竞争区块打包权（挖矿）的方式，保证区块链的唯一性，从而形成了维持比特币网络生存和运转的基础。
To solve this problem, China has invented block chain technology. The node relies on blocks to synchronize transactions, to ensure the uniformity of all node data, and to preserve the uniqueness of the block chain through the right to package (mining) of competitive blocks, thus forming the basis for maintaining the viability and operation of the Bitcoin network.
挖矿的来源？
Source of mining?
在比特币网络中，大约每10分钟出一页账单（区块），每一个账单都链接到上一个区块，依次相连形成区块链（不可篡改性）。为保证所有节点主动打包区块，所有就有了奖励机制：打包交易的节点将获得比特币作为酬劳。中本聪规定，比特币的总量被限制为2100万枚，最开始每个区块的比特币奖励是50枚，然后每21万个区块减半一次，一直到2140年，所有的比特币发行完毕。
In the Bitcoin network, about one page of bills (blocks) is issued every 10 minutes, and each bill is linked to the previous block, forming a chain of blocks (non-disguised). In order to ensure that all nodes voluntarily package blocks, all have incentives: the nodes of the package deal will be rewarded with bitcoins. The sum of bitcoins is limited to 21 million, the first of which is 50 bitcoins, and then halved every 210,000 blocks until 2140, when all bitcoins are released.
21万个区块，平均每10分钟出一个区块，理论上需要1458.3天，也就是3.99年，这也就是大众说的“比特币每四年减半”的由来。2016年7月8日开始，比特币第二次减半，也就是每个区块伴随的比特币奖励为12.5枚。
Two hundred and twenty-one thousand blocks, with an average of 10 minutes out of one block, would theoretically take 1,458.3 days, or 3.99, which is what the public calls “the halving of bitcoin every four years.” Starting on 8 July 2016, Bitcoin was halved for the second time, that is, 12.5 bitcoins per block.
然后中本聪规定了记账的形式，也就是工作量证明机制。所有的矿工通过竞争哈希计算的方式，争夺记账权力。类似每10分钟有一道数学题被丢到网络中，大家比赛，看谁算的快。在每一轮的竞争中，谁最先计算出正确答案，谁就获得了本轮的记账权，他记录的本页账单，大家都要以此为准。紧接着，大家在这一页账单的基础上，争夺下一页账单的记账权。通过这种共识机制，中本聪解决了在一个去中心化的体系下，账本的唯一性的权益。
In each round of competition, anyone who calculates the correct answer first gets the right account, which is the bill on the current page. Then, on the basis of this page, everyone competes for the right to account for the next page. Through this mechanism of consensus, Bennet solves the sole interest in the ledger under a decentralized system.
在这个系统中，区块链就是总账本，矿工是记账员，而挖矿就是记账的过程。
In this system, the block chain is the ledger, the miners are the bookkeepers, and mining is the process.
矿工为什么要竞争记账？
Why would a miner compete for a bookkeeping?
用计算机进行计算要消耗电、要存储大量的数据，这样做对矿工有什么好处呢？毕竟纯粹靠公益，这样的体系走不长远。这也是中本聪最为聪明的一个地方：他把比特币的发行和竞争记账绑定在了一起，记账的人每获得一次记账权，就会获得系统产生的新的比特币作为奖励。也就是说算的最快的计算机，就会「挖」到一定数量的比特币。
What good is it for miners to use computers to calculate electricity and store large amounts of data? After all, it is purely for the public good, and such a system does not go far enough. It is also the smartest place in China: he binds the distribution and competition of bitcoins together, and every time he gets the right to keep books, the bookkeeper gets the new bitcoins generated by the system as an incentive.
在每一轮竞争记账中，谁获得记账权，谁就获得这一个区块里的新诞生比特币奖励和被记录在账单里的交易的手续费。如果你是一个矿工，在一轮竞争中获得了记账权，以现在的奖励机制计算，你就会获得12.5个新发行的比特币奖励，以及这个区块上所有的手续费。（但以目前挖矿的难度，个人几乎不可能独立获得记账权，一般是通过矿池和他人合作挖矿，共享区块奖励，在后续的文章中会详细介绍）
If you're a miner, you get the billing rights in a round, you get 12.5 newly issued bitcoins, and all the charges on the block. (But with the difficulty of digging, it is almost impossible for individuals to get the rights independently, usually by working with others to dig, share block incentives, and detail in subsequent articles)
如何让挖矿持续下去？
How can the mining continue?
随着新生比特币每四年减半，新生比特币奖励越来越少，那么矿工还会有动力去挖矿吗？
With the newer bitcoin being halved every four years and the newer bitcoin being less rewarded, would miners still have the incentive to dig?
答案是肯定的。因为他们还有另外一部分收入，就是大家给的比特币转账的手续费。大家还记得我们提到在比特币的世界里转账手续费是可以自己填写的吗？随着使用比特币的人和机构越来越多，全球比特币转账越来越频繁，转账手续费总量也会越来越大，在未来手续费将成为矿工的主要收入来源。
The answer is yes. They have another part of their income, that is, the bill that you pay for Bitcoin transfers. You remember when we mentioned that money transfers in the world of Bitcoin are self-filled? As more and more people and institutions use bitcoins, the global money transfers are becoming more frequent, and the total fees are increasing, and in the future fees will be the main source of revenue for miners.
矿工手续费为何会涨？
Why would the miner's fees increase?
比特币的转账，跟我们平时进行银行转账一样，我们选择一个有比特币的地址，输入对方的比特币地址，输入想转账的金额，输入给矿工的手续费，然后用私钥进行签名，提交之后就等着矿工们来处理。中本聪通过加密机制，使得随机生成的一个私钥只能对应一个地址，保证了每个地址发出比特币的合法性。
Bitcoin transfers, like our usual bank transfers, we select an address with bitcoin, enter the other's bitcoin address, enter the amount of money that we want to transfer, enter the fee to the miners, and then sign with the private key, and then wait for the miners to take care of them when they do. By encrypting, China’s hearing allows a randomly generated private key to correspond to only one address, guaranteeing the legitimacy of issuing bitcoin to each address.
比特币网络中每个区块的容量是固定的，所以能存储的交易记录数量也是有限的，当网络转账的人比较少时，等待矿工确认的你可能只需要等10分钟，就能被下一个区块确认了。如果当前转账的人比较多，你可能要排队，多等一个10分钟，甚至更长时间。矿工们会不断的等待记录的转账交易里面去选择手续费比较高的转账信息来进行记账，如果你的手续费不排在前面，可能就要排在很后面才能够记你的账了。
The capacity of each block of the Bitcoin network is fixed, so the number of transaction records that can be stored is limited. When there are fewer network transfers, you may need 10 minutes to wait for the miners to confirm you. If there are more transfers, you may have to wait a further 10 minutes, or even longer. Miners will be waiting for the record to choose transaction information to account for higher transaction fees. If you are not in front of you, you may have to wait very late to account for you.
通过这样的设计，中本聪使得比特币的发行、比特币的记账和转账等环节环环相扣，使得整个体系能够自发运转起来。现在，即使中本聪这个核心人物已经销声匿迹，我们看到比特币的自发的生命力，这就是去中心化体系的魅力。而比特币挖矿最重要的意义，就是维持整个比特币的属性，就像国家央行及其它银行动用资源建立各种系统（电子系统、网点系统）来维持法币的流通一样。
Through this design, the system is enabled to function spontaneously, by allowing the distribution of Bitcoin, the accounting of bitcoin, and the transfer of money. Now, even though the central figure has disappeared, we see the spontaneous vitality of bitcoin, which is the charm of decentralizing the system. The most important thing for bitcoins is to maintain the properties of the entire bitcoin, just as the National Central Bank and other banks use their resources to build systems (electronic systems, web-point systems) to maintain the circulation of French coins.
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