一、比特币是什么？
I. What's Bitcoin?
比特币（BitCoin，简称BTC），最初由中本聪在2008年11月1日提出，并于2009年1月3日正式诞生。比特币是一种由开源的P2P软件产生的电子货币，是一种网络虚拟货币。比特币不依靠特定货币机构发行，它通过特定算法的大量计算产生。
Bitcoin (BitCoin, or BTC), originally proposed by Nakamoto on 1 November 2008 and officially launched on 3 January 2009. Bitcoin is an electronic currency generated by open-source P2P software and is a virtual online currency. Bitcoin is not issued by a specific monetary institution; it is generated by a large number of calculations based on specific algorithms.
比特币经济使用整个P2P网络中众多节点构成的分布式数据库，来确认并记录所有的交易行为。P2P的去中心化特性与算法本身可以确保无法通过大量制造比特币来人为操控币值。
The Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database consisting of numerous nodes in the entire P2P network to identify and record all transactions. The decentralised properties and algorithms of the P2P can themselves ensure that the value of the currency cannot be artificially controlled by mass-manufacturing bitcoin.
简单来说，比特币(BTC)是基于密码学、依托于区块链技术的一种去中心化传输模式的加密货币。
In short, the Bitcoin (BTC) is an encrypted currency based on cryptology and based on a decentralised transmission mode based on block chain technology.
二、比特币的发展历程
II. The development of Bitcoin
比特币是上一次全球经济危机的产物，2008年次贷危机爆发，引发了全球经济危机，政府超发货币刺激经济。2008年11月1日，中本聪(Satoshi Nakamoto)发布比特币白皮书，详细阐述了比特币的运行机制。
Bitcoin was the product of the last global economic crisis, the subprime mortgage crisis of 2008, which triggered the global economic crisis, and government over-currency stimulus. On November 1, 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto released the Bitcoin White Paper, detailing the operational mechanisms of Bitcoin.
比特币运用区块链技术，建立了一个基于加密技术的去中心化支付系统，解决了交易信任问题。该系统通过使用工作量证明机制和点对点网络对公开的交易进行记录，交易双方在不需要第三方机构的情况下，也能正常进行比特币交易。比特币总量恒定，其诞生可以说是对政府滥发货币不信任的产物。
Using block chain technology, Bitcoin solves the problem of trust in transactions by establishing a decentralized payment system based on encryption. By using the workload proof mechanism and a point-to-point network, the system records open transactions, and both parties can normally conduct transactions in bitcoin without the need for a third-party agency.
2009年1月3日，比特币区块链的创世区块被中本聪挖出，并产生了50个BTC的区块奖励，标志着比特币的正式问世。
On 3 January 2009, the creation block of the Bitcoin block chain was excavated by Nakamoto and resulted in 50 BTC block awards, marking the official birth of Bitcoin.
三、比特币的特征
III. Characteristics of Bitcoin
1.去中心化：比特币最大的特点就是去中心化，即比特币网络不受中央政府控制。每一个挖矿机和比特币交易过程都是网络的一部分，并一起运行。
Decentralization: The biggest feature of Bitcoin is decentralisation, i.e. the Bitcoin network is not controlled by the central government.
2.总量恒定：比特币总量2100万枚，不像法币通货膨胀严重。
2. Total constant: Bitcoins total 21 million, unlike French currency inflation.
3.交易匿名：基于密码学，在流通、交易中是匿名的。
3. The transaction is anonymous: based on cryptology, in circulation, in transactions.
4.账单透明可查询：在比特币网络中，历史上发生过的任何一笔交易记录都是公开，可以查看每一个比特币地址交易记录。
4. Transparency of bills is available: in the Bitcoin network, any transactions that have occurred in history are publicly available and can be viewed in every bitcoin address.
5.交易不可逆：当一个用户向另一个比特币地址发送比特币时，转账不可撤回，除非收款方转回给对方。
5. Transactions are irreversible: when one user sends bitcoin to another bitcoin address, the transfer cannot be withdrawn unless the recipient returns to the other party.
四、比特币的运行机制和挖矿
IV. Operational mechanisms and mining in Bitcoin
每一笔比特币交易，都会被区块链网络中的节点记录下来，以此增强交易公信力，保护交易双方利益。比特币采用工作量证明(Proof of Work)共识机制，让所有节点通过解决工作量证明难题的方式参与竞争，竞争成功的节点拥有新区块的记账权，并能够将记录的信息广播出去。其他节点接收后将根据此消息进行数据同步，确保账本一致。
Each Bitcoin transaction will be recorded by nodes in the block chain network, thereby enhancing the credibility of the transaction and protecting the interests of both parties. Bitcoin will use the Proof of Work consensus mechanism, allowing all nodes to compete by addressing workload proof challenges, and the successful nodes will have rights to record new blocks and be able to broadcast the recorded information.
这种竞争记账权的过程，叫做挖矿，参与挖矿的节点，叫做矿工。矿工挖矿成功后可以获得区块奖励，即一定数额的比特币，还可以收取该区块上的交易手续费。在利益的驱使下，节点会积极参与挖矿并维护交易记录的真实有效。
This process of competitive recording is called mining, a node for participation in mining, and a miner. When a miner succeeds in digging, he can get a block incentive, a certain amount of bitcoin, and can also charge a transaction fee on the block.
比特币的发行只有一种方式，即区块奖励，也就是说比特币是通过挖矿产生的。比特币总量恒定为2100万枚，规定了每产生210100 个区块（约四年），比特币的区块链奖励就要减半一次，预计会在2140年挖完。
Bitcoin is issued only in one way: block incentives, that is, bitcoins are generated by mining. The number of bitcoins is set at 21 million, providing for a halving of the Bitcoin block chain prizes for every 210,100 blocks (approximately four years) generated, and is expected to be dug up in 2140.
五、比特币和区块链的关系
V. Relationship between Bitcoin and block chains
比特币背后是区块链技术，区块链因比特币而诞生，而比特币则是区块链的一个应用。
Behind it is the block chain technology, which was created by Bitcoin, which is an application of the block chain.
区块链是去中心化分布式数据存储、点对点传输、共识机制、加密算法等计算机技术的新型应用模式。从区块链科技层面来看，区块链涉及数学、密码学、互联网和计算机编程等很多科学技术问题。从应用视角来看，区块链是一个分布式的共享账本和数据库，具有去中心化、不可篡改、全程留痕、可以追溯、集体维护、公开透明等特点。这些特点保证了区块链的“诚实”与“透明”，为区块链创造信任奠定基础，而区块链丰富的应用场景，基本上都基于区块链能够解决信息不对称问题，实现多个主体之间的协作信任与一致行动。总之，区块链是信任的机器。
From an application point of view, the block chain is a distributed and shared account and database with features such as decentralised, indeterminable, full-range marks, traceability, collective maintenance, and transparency. These features guarantee the “honest” and “transparent” character of the block chain and provide the basis for trust in the block chain, which is rich in applications based essentially on the ability of the block chain to address information asymmetries and achieve collaborative trust and concerted action among multiple subjects.
六、交易过程
VI. Course of dealing
一笔交易就是一个地址的比特币转移到另一个地址。由于比特币的交易记录全部公开，因此支付方是否拥有足够的比特币完成交易，可以轻易验证。
One transaction is the bitcoin of one address that is transferred to another. As the record of the bitcoin transaction is fully public, it is easy to verify whether the payer has sufficient bitcoin to complete the transaction.
如何防止他人冒用自己的名义来申报交易？举例来说，某人申报了一笔交易：地址A向地址B支付10个比特币，如何得知此申报为真？申报人即为地址A的主人？
How is it possible to prevent a person from reporting a transaction in his own name? For example, a person has reported a transaction: an address A pays 10 bitcoins to address B. How can it be known that such a declaration is true? The filer is the owner of address A?
比特币协议规定，申报交易时，除了交易金额，转出比特币的一方还必须提供以下数据：
The Bitcoin agreement provides that, in addition to the amount of the transaction, the party transferring out of Bitcoin must provide the following data:
上一笔交易的Hash（从哪里得到这些比特币）
Hash of the last deal. Where did you get these bitcoins?
本次交易双方的地址
Address of both parties to this transaction
支付方的公钥
Public Key for Payer
支付方的私钥生成的数字签名
Number signature generated by the payer's private key
验证这笔交易是否属实，需要三步：
It takes three steps to verify whether the transaction is true:
第一步，找到上一笔交易，确认支付方的比特币来源。
As a first step, the previous transaction was identified and the source of the bitcoin of the payer was confirmed.
第二步，算出支付方公钥的指纹，确认与支付方的地址一致，从而保证公钥属实。
The second step, the fingerprinting of the public key of the paying party is calculated to confirm that it corresponds to the address of the paying party, thereby ensuring that the public key is real.
第三步，使用公钥解开数字签名，保证私钥属实。上面三步，我们就可以认定这笔交易是真实的。
Step three, use the public key to untie the digital signature to make sure that the private key is real. Three steps above, we can conclude that the transaction is real.
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