●区块链技术将是互联网金融乃至整个金融业的关键底层基础设施。它将低成本地解决金融活动的信任难题，并且将金融信任由双边互信或建立中央信任机制演化为多边共信、社会共信，以公信力寻求解决公信力问题的途径。
• Block-chain technology will be a critical bottom-up infrastructure for Internet finance and, indeed, the financial sector as a whole. It will solve the problem of trust in financial activities at low cost, and transform financial trust from bilateral mutual trust or the establishment of a central trust mechanism into a multilateral, social, and credible search for solutions to problems of credibility.
●在未来金融科技探索上，中国金融业应该加强研究、开发、实践和应用，加强区块链金融的国际合作和国际区块链联盟和标准的创设，加强顶层设计，积极争取国际金融战略制高点，提升我国金融核心竞争力，让金融更好地为实体经济服务。
• In the future exploration of financial science and technology, the Chinese financial sector should strengthen research, development, practice and application, strengthen international cooperation in block-chain finance and the creation of international block-chain alliances and standards, strengthen top-level design, actively pursue high-level international financial strategy, enhance the core competitiveness of our financial system and make finance better serve the real economy.
世界经济论坛主席施瓦布在其出版的《第四次工业革命》一书指出，数字革命正在彻底改变个人与机构之间的互动与协作方式。比如，常被称作“已分配分类账”的区块链就是一种十分安全的交易协议，它将很快颠覆金融行业传统运营方式。
President Schwab of the World Economic Forum, in his publication Industrial Revolution IV, noted that the digital revolution was radically changing the way individuals interacted and collaborated with institutions. For example, the block chain, often referred to as the “distributed ledger,” was a very secure deal that would soon destabilize the traditional way the financial sector operated.
为什么说区块链是颠覆性的技术？区块链有哪些变革意义？在金融领域有哪些应用？就这些问题，记者专访了北京市金融工作局党组书记霍学文。他表示，区块链将成为金融科技的底层技术，将会在很多方面重塑金融业态，我国金融业应该加强研究、开发、实践和应用，加强区块链金融的国际合作和国际区块链联盟和标准的创设，加强顶层设计，积极争取国际金融战略制高点，提升我国金融核心竞争力。
Why say the block chain is a subversive technology? What are the transformative implications of the block chain? What are the applications in the area of finance? On these issues, journalists interviewed the Party Secretary of the Beijing Financial Work Bureau, Hau, who said that the block chain would become the bottom technology of financial science and technology and would reshape the financial industry in many ways. The financial sector should strengthen research, development, practice and application, strengthen international cooperation in block-chain finance and the creation of international block-chain alliances and standards, strengthen top-level design, actively pursue high-level international financial strategy and enhance the country's financial core competitiveness.
区块链技术的实质是去中心化
The essence of block chain technology is decentralisation.
霍学文表示，区块链（Block Chain）是一个由不同节点共同参与的分布式数据库系统，是一个开放式的账簿系统（ledger），它是由一串按照密码学方法产生的数据块或数据包组成（即区块，block），对每一个区块数据信息都自动加盖时间戳，从而计算出一个数据加密数值（即哈希值，hash）。每一个区块都包含上一个区块的哈希值，从创始区块（genesis block）开始链接（chain）到当前区域，从而形成区块链。
According to Huo, the block chain (Block Chain) is a distributed database system involving different nodes, an open book system (ledger) consisting of a string of data blocks or data packages (i.e. blocks, Blocks) generated by cryptographic methods that automatically stamp time in each block data information to calculate a data encryption value (i.e. Hashi value, hash). Each block contains the Hashi value of the previous block, linking (chain) from the founding block (genesis block) to the current area, thus forming a block chain.
比特币的创始人中本聪对区块链技术应用做出了奠基性的贡献。在区块链中，任何交易在获得记录与批准之前，都必须先由一组电脑进行集体核查。区块链采用的技术无须寻找保管人或中央分类账等中立部门作为中介，通过促成互不认识（没有信任基础）的人进行协作，从而建立信用。从本质而言，区块链是一种可共享、可编程、安全、可信的分类账，任何单一用户都无法控制它，但是所有人都能监督它。
Bennett, the founder of Bitcoin, made a foundational contribution to the application of block chain technology. In block chains, any transaction must be verified collectively by a group of computers before being recorded and approved.
“市场经济活动中最大的问题是交易双方的信任问题，根本原因是信息不对称，区块链技术最终解决的是正是这种信任机制问题（‘拜占庭将军问题’）。移动互联网、大数据、云计算是区块链技术的基础设施，算法信任是关键机制，加密算法是技术基础。”霍学文表示。
“The biggest problem in market economy activity is the question of trust between the two parties to the transaction, the root cause of which is the asymmetry of information, and the ultimate solution to the problem of the block chain technology is the question of the trust mechanism (the issue of “General Byzantine”). Mobile Internet, big data, cloud computing are the infrastructure of the block chain technology, algorithm trust is the key mechanism, and encryption algorithms are the technological basis.” Hole, op. cit.
拜占庭将军问题（Byzantine Generals Problem），是由美国著名计算机科学家莱斯利·兰伯特提出的“点对点”通信中的基本问题。莱斯利·兰伯特定义的“拜占庭将军问题”起源于：由于当时拜占庭罗马帝国国土辽阔，为了防御目的，因此每个军队都分隔很远，将军与将军之间只能靠信差传消息。在战争的时候，拜占庭军队内所有将军和副官必需达成一致的共识，决定是否有赢的机会才去攻打敌人的阵营。但是，在军队内有可能存有叛徒和敌军的间谍，左右将军们的决定又扰乱整体军队的秩序。在达成共识时，在已知有成员谋反的情况下，其余忠诚的将军在不受叛徒的影响下如何达成一致的协议，拜占庭问题就此形成。
The issue of Byzantine Generals Problem, an essential issue in the “point-to-point” communication, was raised by a well-known American computer scientist, Leslie· by Lambert; by Leslie· and by Lambert's definition of “General Byzantine” because of the size of the Roman Empire of Byzantine at the time, each army was far apart for defensive purposes, and the question of the Byzantian army came to light with the consensus that all generals and deputy generals in the army had to agree on whether there was a chance of winning. However, there might be traitors and enemy spies in the army, and the decision of the generals disrupted the whole army. In reaching the consensus, the remaining loyal generals reached an agreement without the influence of the traitors.
霍学文称，区块链技术的实质是在信息不对称的情况下，无须相互担保信任或第三方（所谓的“中心”）核发信用证书，采用基于互联网大数据的加密算法而创设的节点普遍通过即为成立的节点信任机制。任何机构和个人都可以作为节点，参与信任机制的创设，而且创设的区块必须在全网公示，任何节点参与人都看得见。节点越多，要求的算力就越强，只有超过51％的节点都通过，才能确立一个新区块成立，即获得认可；同时，要想篡改或造假，也需要掌控超过51％的节点，才可以修改。理论上，当区块链的节点达到足够数量时，这种大众广泛参与的信任创设机制，就可以无须“中心”授权即可形成信任、达成和约、确立交易、自动公示、共同监督。
According to Huo, the essence of block chain technology is that, in the case of information asymmetry, letters of credit are not subject to mutual security trust or approval by a third party (the so-called “centre”) and nodes created by encryption algorithms based on big Internet data are generally modified by means of an established node trust mechanism. Any institution or individual can participate in the creation of confidence mechanisms as nodes, and the creation of blocks must be made public on the whole web, and any node is visible to participants. The more the node is, the more the count is required, the more the node is passed, the more the node is required, the more the node can be established, the more the node can be accepted; and, in order to tamper with or falsify, more than 51% of the node may be modified.
区块链技术将广泛应用于金融领域
Block chain technology will be widely applied in the financial field
施瓦布认为，区块链技术将很快颠覆金融行业传统运营方式，因为区块链技术如果应用于金融，就可以把结算与交易成本降低200亿美元，并改变行业的运作方式。共享数据库技术还可以提高许多业务的效率，比如客户账户数据存储、跨境支付、贸易结算与清算。这个技术还可用于目前尚不存在的产品和服务，比如无须交易商参与就可以自动执行的智能期货合同（如果某个国家和企业违约，信贷衍生工具可以自动支付）。
The block chain technology, according to Schwab, will soon destabilize the traditional way the financial sector operates, because if applied to finance, the block chain technology can reduce settlement and transaction costs by $20 billion and change the way the industry operates. Sharing the database technology can also improve the efficiency of many operations, such as customer account data storage, cross-border payments, trade clearing and liquidation. It can also be used for products and services that do not currently exist, such as smart futures contracts that can be executed automatically without the involvement of traders (and credit derivatives that can be paid automatically if a country or enterprise defaults).
区块链技术为解决经济和金融等领域的信任问题，提供了底层支持技术。基于互联网的信任问题，可以更有效地通过区块链技术来加以解决。金融领域是区块链技术的重要应用领域。作为新金融的底层技术架构，继互联网之后，区块链技术将再次重塑全球金融业的基础框架，加速金融创新与产品迭代速度，极大提高金融运行效率，重塑信用传递交换机制。
The area of finance is an important application of block-chain technology. As a bottom-up technology architecture for new finance, following the Internet, block-chain technology will reshape the foundation framework of the global financial industry, accelerate the pace of financial innovation and product rotation, significantly improve the efficiency of financial operations, and reshape credit transfer exchange mechanisms.
霍学文称，区块链技术将是互联网金融乃至整个金融业的关键底层基础设施（底层物质技术基础）。区块链技术将低成本地解决金融活动的信任难题，并且将金融信任由双边互信或建立中央信任机制演化为多边共信、社会共信，以公信力寻求解决公信力问题的途径。区块链技术由于其加密算法特性，将使金融发展进入算法金融时代。
According to Huo, block-chain technology will be a key bottom infrastructure for Internet finance and, indeed, the financial industry as a whole (the bottom material technology base). Block-chain technology will solve the problem of trust in financial activities at low cost and transform financial trust from bilateral mutual trust or the establishment of a central trust mechanism into a multilateral, social, trust-building approach to finding credible solutions. Block-chain technology, because of its encryption algorithmic characteristics, will bring financial development into the arithmetic financial age.
“比特币是区块链技术应用的一个典型案例，虽然它不能当作法定货币，但是却为数字货币时代的到来和区块链技术广泛应用于解决金融、经济和社会问题，提供了底层技术基础。这正是区块链技术在当今国内外金融领域被广泛研究和探索应用的真正原因之所在。”霍学文说。
“Bitcoin is a typical case of the application of block chain technology, which, although not considered a legal currency, provides the underlying technological basis for the advent of the digital-currency age and the widespread application of block chain technology to solve financial, economic, and social problems. That is the real reason why block chain technology is being extensively studied and explored in the area of finance, both at home and abroad.”
区块链技术现在可记录比特币等数字货币的财务交易，未来将能为各类事物提供登记服务，包括出生证明、死亡证明、所有权证明、结婚证、学历证明、保险权益证明、医疗程序和投票等。从本质上来说，但凡可以用代码表达的交易都可以用区块链技术进行登记。一些国家和机构已经在调研区块链的应用潜力。比如，洪都拉斯政府正利用这项技术对土地使用权进行管理，马恩岛正测试该技术在公司登记注册方面的应用。
Block chain technology can now record financial transactions in digital currencies such as Bitcoin, and in the future it will be able to provide registration services for a variety of items, including birth certificates, death certificates, title certificates, marriage certificates, educational certificates, insurance certificates, medical procedures and voting. In essence, but all transactions that can be coded can be registered using block chain technology. Some countries and institutions have already studied the potential of block chains. For example, the Honduran government is using this technology to regulate land tenure, and the Isle of Man is testing its application to company registration.
据霍学文介绍，目前国内外金融界正在探索这一未来金融底层技术的技术制高点，美国、欧盟和中国的金融监管者都在研究，欧洲的大金融机构创设了R3的组织在加紧研究区块链技术的金融应用，德勤已经将这种技术应用于企业审计，纳斯达克市场尝试利用区块链技术发行证券。中国的金融界也在关注此事，北京已经成立了多个区块链技术联盟，专门推进区块链技术金融应用的阿尔山金融科技公司已经成立，专门设立了互联网金融安全产业园集中推进金融科技产业。
According to Huo, the financial community, both domestic and foreign, is currently exploring the technological highs of this future bottom technology, and financial regulators in the United States, the European Union, and China are studying the financial applications of block-chain technology that R3 organizations have created in Europe, which Deloitte has applied to business audits, and the Nasdak market has tried to use block-chain technology to issue securities. China’s financial community is also following up on this issue, and Beijing has set up several block-link technology alliances, and the Alsan Financial Technology Corporation, which has been set up to promote block-chain technology finance applications, has set up an Internet-based Financial Security Industrial Park to focus on financial science and technology.
“区块链技术作为未来金融科技的底层技术，具有很强的战略意义。在未来金融科技探索上，中国金融业应该加强研究、开发、实践和应用，加强区块链金融的国际合作和国际区块链联盟和标准的创设，加强顶层设计，积极争取国际金融战略制高点，提升我国金融核心竞争力，让金融更好地为实体经济服务。”霍学文说。
“Technology of block chains is of great strategic importance as a bottom-up technology for future financial science and technology. In future financial science and technology exploration, China’s financial sector should strengthen research, development, practice, and application, strengthen international cooperation in block-chain finance and the creation of international block-chain alliances and standards, strengthen top-level design, actively pursue high-level international financial strategy, improve the country’s financial core competitiveness, and make finance better serve the real economy.”
互联网金融将进入到“区块链+”时代
Internet finance will enter the era of block chains plus
霍学文表示，区块链作为金融科技的底层技术架构，必然在很多方面重塑金融业态，无论是传统金融服务，还是P2P、众筹等互联网金融创新，抑或加强金融监管、防范金融风险、打击非法集资等领域，区块链技术都有非常广阔的应用前景，互联网金融正在进入“区块链+”时代。
According to Huo, as a bottom-up technological architecture for financial science and technology, block chains are bound to reshape the financial landscape in many ways, be they traditional financial services or P2P, or Internet finance innovations such as crowd-sourcing, or in areas such as strengthening financial regulation, preventing financial risks, combating illegal financing, etc., with very broad application prospects, and Internet finance is entering the “block chain plus” era.
“区块链+支付”（国际结算）：支付是金融市场最重要的基础设施，区块链技术最先革新领域就是支付清算。以Ripple为例，尽管它还有需要完善和改进之处，但它是目前一个相对成熟的区块链支付服务。它是一种基于互联网的开源支付协议，可以实现去中心化支付与清算功能，在Ripple系统里，所有的货币均可自由兑换，不仅包括各国的法币，而且包括虚拟货币。Ripple系统里的货币兑换和交易的效率更高、速度更快，且交易费用几乎为零，交易确认在几秒钟内完成，没有异地和跨行费用。现有的国际货币兑换模式主要通过加入SWIFT（环球银行金融电信协会）的银行间清算和结算，而Ripple是一个开源的点对点网络，构建了一套完全不同的账户体系，它实质上是一个可共享的开源数据库，该数据库类似央行超级账户，不需要通过各个银行，所有的交易账户直接记在中央大账，可以达到实时完成货币兑换。它可以快速、廉价并安全地将资金转账到任何人或任何机构在Ripple系统中的账户，没有任何人或任何机构能控制Ripple网络。这是分布式的账簿体系，实际上体现了区块链技术的核心思想，未来有广阔的发展前景。
In the Ripple system, all currencies are freely convertible, not only in national legal currencies, but also in virtual currencies. The first area of innovation in the chain is settlement of payments. In the Ripple system, for example, it is a relatively mature block payment service, although it needs to be refined and improved. It is an Internet-based open-source payment agreement that allows decentralised payments and clearing functions. In the Ripple system, all currencies are freely convertible, including not only national legal currencies, but also virtual currencies.
“区块链+征信”：征信市场是一个巨大的蓝海市场。传统征信市场面临信息孤岛的障碍，如何共享数据成分发掘数据蕴藏的价值，传统技术架构难以解决这个问题。区块链技术，为征信难题提供了一种全新的思路。首先，提高征信的公信力，全网征信信息无法被篡改。其次，显著降低征信成本，提供多维度的精准大数据。最后，区块链技术有可能打破数据孤岛的难题，数据主体通过某种交易机制，通过区块链交换数据信息。实现这种高效的征信模式，还有业务场景、风险管理、行业标准、安全合规等一系列问题要解决。
First, to enhance the credibility of the letters, the entire network of letters cannot be tampered with. Second, to significantly reduce the cost of the letters and provide accurate and multi-dimensional data. Finally, the block chain technology has the potential to break out of the problem of data islands, where data subjects exchange data information through some sort of transactional mechanism.
“区块链+交易所”：交易所是集中交易某种有形或者无形的市场，区块链技术将在各式各样的产权交易所得到广泛应用。区块链的去中心化、开放性、共享性、匿名性、不可篡改性等特征，可以显著提升登记、发行、交易、转让、交割清算效率，也可以保障信息安全与个人隐私。目前纳斯达克市场和澳洲交易所在区块链技术应用上走在了前列。2015年末，全球最大的证券交易所之一纳斯达克，首次使用了区块链技术交易平台，完成和记录私人证券交易。澳洲交易所利用区块链技术与银行账户连接，买卖股票后资金可以迅速到账。现在的应用还只是证券发行清算，未来区块链技术在各种产权交易中必然会发挥更大的作用，甚至成为很多领域的主要交易系统。
Block Chain Plus Exchanges: An exchange is a centralized trading market of some kind, tangible or intangible, and block chain technology will be widely used in a wide variety of stock exchanges. Decentralization, openness, sharing, anonymity, and immutable features of the block chain can significantly enhance the efficiency of registration, issuance, trading, transfer, handing over and clearing, as well as the security of information and privacy of individuals. The NASDAQ market and the Australian Exchange are now at the forefront of the application of block chain technology. In late 2015, NASDAQ, one of the world’s largest stock exchanges, used a block chain technology trading platform for the first time to complete and record private securities transactions.
“区块链＋数字货币”：区块链技术最早应用于比特币，很多人投资比特币、交易比特币，也有商业活动、经营场所接受比特币支付，但是，比特币天然不是法定货币，比特币为法定货币由纸币进入电子货币后的数字货币时代奠定了技术基础和应用示范。中国人民银行已经开展数字货币研究，很多国家中央银行也积极研究数字货币。法定数字货币的应用，必须建立在全网信息记录、信用实时计算、全民网上诚信、底层技术安全、货币法定授权、算法不可破解等技术基础上。数字货币会提升全民的自我信用管理水平，提升共享经济水平，提升金融服务实体经济的水平，也将促进互联网金融的健康规范发展。
“Cluster chain + digital currency”: The block chain technology was first applied to Bitcoin, where many invested in bitcoin, traded bitcoin, and where business activities were conducted and businesses were paid in bitcoin. However, Bitcoin was a natural non-legal currency, and provided a technical foundation and application model for the digital monetary age following the entry of statutory currency from paper currency into electronic currency. The People's Bank of China has conducted a digital monetary study, and many central banks have actively studied digital currency.
“我们也应该看到，并不是运用区块链技术，就自动解决了信任问题，就化解了金融风险，就自动会带来金融业的规范发展。区块链技术的应用，底层技术安全问题必须解决，谁来监管区块链企业及其金融创新问题必须尽早解决，为区块链技术建章立规问题必须尽早解决，这样才能促进区块链技术在金融领域应用的健康发展。”霍学文称。
“We should also see that not using block chain technology automatically solves the problem of trust, but also the financial risks and the regulatory development of the financial sector. The application of block chain technology, the safety of bottom-level technologies must be addressed, the question of who will regulate block chain enterprises and their financial innovation must be resolved as soon as possible, and the regulation of block chain technology must be addressed as soon as possible in order to promote the healthy development of block chain technology in the financial field.”
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