金融領域的區塊鏈話題近來持續升溫。日前，被稱作“國內金融行業首個區塊鏈標準”的《金融分佈式賬本技術安全規範》（下稱《規範》）正式出爐。與此同時，中國人民銀行數字貨幣研究所區塊鏈課題組也以“區塊鏈技術的發展與管理”為題撰文，厘清區塊鏈的“是與非”和“真偽應用”。而在疫情期間，區塊鏈技術在助推企業融資過程中也進一步發揮作用。
At the same time, the People’s Bank of China’s Digital Currency Institute’s sector-link group also wrote on the topic “Development and management of sector-link technology” to clarify the “yes and no” and “no” components of the chain during the period of the epidemic.
同時，業內人士對央行法定數字貨幣（DC/EP）的推出也更為期待。央行此前官方披露的資訊是，在堅持雙層運營、M0替代、可控匿名的前提下，法定數字貨幣的頂層設計、標準制定、功能研發、聯調測試等工作目前已基本完成。而根據央行人士此前多次透露的資訊，在保證中心化管理和貨幣主權的前提下，央行在推進法定數字貨幣的過程中不預設技術路線。
At the same time, the introduction of the Central Bank’s statutory digitized currency (DC/EP) was much more expected. The information previously disclosed by the Central Bank was that the top-level design, standard-setting, functional development, and joint testing of the statutory digit currency was almost complete, while maintaining double-level operations, M0 substitution, and controlled anonymity.
多方廣泛引用區塊鏈技術
Multi-referenced chain technology
中國人民銀行數字貨幣研究所區塊鏈課題組日前在《中國金融》撰文指出，區塊鏈在對資訊可信共用要求較高、對併發量要求較低的領域，例如交易結算、貿易金融、産權轉讓等方面有著廣泛的應用前景。
The People’s Bank of China’s Digital Currency Research Institute’s sector-linking group, in a recent article in China Finance, noted that there are broad applications in areas where there is a higher demand for credible sharing of information and lower demand for mergers, such as transaction accounting, trade finance, and transfer of power.
實際上，在上述這些金融場景，包括金融監管部門、銀行、金融科技公司在內的多方均已廣泛引用區塊鏈技術。
In fact, the financial scenes described above, including the Financial Supervision Department, banks and financial technology companies, have been widely cited as sector-link technology.
上線于2018年9月的人民銀行貿易金融區塊鏈平臺，如今已相繼開展了供應鏈應收賬款多級融資、對外支付稅務備案表、再貼現快速通道和國際貿易賬款監管四項業務，連接的銀行和企業數量不斷增加。外匯局跨境金融區塊鏈服務平臺的建設也日趨成熟。該平臺于2019年3月推出，根據外匯局副局長宣昌能在記者會上披露的數據，春節假期以來，跨境金融區塊鏈服務平臺融資放款額達2億多美元。
In September 2018, the People’s Bank’s Trade and Finance Sector Chain platform, which came into contact with the People’s Bank in September 2018, has now been rolled out, with the supply chain receiving multiple levels of equity, the external payment of tax reserves, the posting of fast-track and international trade funds to supervise four businesses, and the number of connected banks and businesses has constantly increased. The Transborder Financial Sector Services platform is also becoming more fully developed. It was launched in March 2019, and according to the data disclosed by the Deputy Director of the Bureau of Foreign Affairs at the press conference, during spring holidays, the Cross-border Financial Zone Chain Service Portfolio received more than US$ 200 million in investment.
京東數科則于2019年6月推出市場首個區塊鏈ABS標準化解決方案，幫助資産方、計劃管理人、律師事務所、評級機構、會計師事務所、託管行等ABS業務參與機構優化業務流程，提升ABS發行業務效率。與原有技術方案相比，可減少85%的部署時間，每年每個業務節點可節約運維成本超百萬。
In June 2019, KSS launched its first market-based ABS-standardized solution to help investors, plan managers, law firms, review boards, accounting firms, and other ABS-involved business processes to improve ABS efficiency. This would reduce deployment time by 85% compared to the original technology program, with each business node running at a cost of more than a million dollars per year.
值得注意的是，在最近助力抗“疫”過程中，區塊鏈技術在助推企業融資過程中進一步發揮了作用。2月上旬，北京市正式上線了基於區塊鏈的供應鏈債權債務平臺，提供基於區塊鏈技術的賬款確權證明，並支援中小微企業獲得確權證明後線上發起融資需求。除此之外，浙商銀行等金融機構也紛紛開展線上供應鏈金融服務，將核心企業與鏈條上供應商的合同全程上鏈，有效解決了企業應收賬款的真實性問題，從而將企業大量難以盤活的應收賬款改造成區塊鏈應收款，實現了線上化的高效融資。
It is worth noting that, in the recent fight against “epidemics,” chain technology has been instrumental in facilitating the process of corporate investment. In early February, Beijing officially entered the chain-based chain-based debt-dealing platform, providing proof of sector-based chain-based accounting, and supporting small and medium-sized businesses to gain the right to certify back-up demand.
標準出爐引導行業更規範發展
It's standard to guide the development of a more regulated industry.
不過，區塊鏈應用在多個場景加速落地的同時，一些與之相關的金融亂象也有所顯現。業內人士呼籲，區塊鏈在金融領域的應用發展亟須監管進一步引導。今年2月底，被稱作“國內金融行業首個區塊鏈標準”的《金融分佈式賬本技術安全規範》正式出爐，引發廣泛關注。
However, at the same time that the chain should be used to accelerate the landing of several sites, a number of related financial disruptions are evident. Industry calls for the chain’s development in the financial field to be monitored further.
該標準由中國人民銀行正式發佈，由中國人民銀行數字貨幣研究所提出並負責起草，起草機構還包括多家商業銀行、區塊鏈研究機構以及金融科技公司等。
The standard was officially published by the People’s Bank of China and was proposed by the People’s Bank of China Digital Currency Institute and drafted by several commercial banks, sector chain research institutions and financial technology companies.
參與《規範》起草的京東數科副總裁曹鵬在接受《經濟參考報》記者採訪時表示，國內區塊鏈的標準化工作始於2016年，如《中國區塊鏈技術和應用發展白皮書（2016）》提出了我國區塊鏈標準體系框架；2017年中國電子技術標準化研究院發佈《區塊鏈參考架構》。
In an interview with a journalist from the Economic Reference Review, Cao Cao, the Vice-President of the Kyoto Digital Department who participated in the drafting of the Rules, said that the benchmarking of the domestic chain had begun in 2016, such as the White Paper on Chain Technology and Applications for Development (2016), which set out the framework for the framework of my country's chain standards; and in 2017, the China Institute of Electronic Technology Standardization published the Structure of the Chain Reference.
“與此前相比，發佈于2020年的《規範》主要針對金融行業，對分佈式賬本的用戶管理、監管支撐、隱私保護等方面提出了更高要求。”中國人民大學國際貨幣研究所副研究員曹勝熙對記者説：“在《規範》推出後，金融區塊鏈在架構設計、模組功能、軟體介面等各方面都有了參考基準，而這一基準是走在世界前列的。”
“The Regulations, published in 2020, focused primarily on the financial sector and placed higher demands on user management, supervision support, privacy protection, etc..” The Deputy Researcher at the International Monetary Research Institute of the People's University of China, Seung-hee Cao, said to reporters: “After the introduction of the Regulations, the financial sector chain was based on design, module functions, software interfaces, etc., and was among the leading players in the world.”
曹鵬説，近幾年區塊鏈領域發展迅速，但良莠不齊，此次央行首次將分佈式記賬技術結合金融領域，制定了全面的規範，將成為打造可靠區塊鏈技術與應用的“基礎圖紙”，促使區塊鏈行業告別野蠻生長，實現更多的共識和協作基礎。他預計，在行業標準引領下，區塊鏈將在金融保險、企業融資等方面更好發揮其作用。
Cao Cao, which has been growing rapidly in the last few years, but not well, the central bank will, for the first time, consolidate the financial domain with its own accounting techniques and develop comprehensive regulations that will serve as a “base map” for the creation of reliable chain technologies and applications that will enable the industry to grow apart from barbarians and create more common understanding and cooperation. He predicts that, under industry standards, the chain will play a better role in financial insurance, business finance, and so on.
“《規範》發佈之前，國內金融區塊鏈應用存在野蠻生長的情況，一些應用宣稱基於區塊鏈，但其實不然；還有一些應用雖然基於區塊鏈，但在安全性能上並不保險。《規範》發佈後，既可以排除前一類‘假’的區塊鏈項目，也可以規範應用了區塊鏈技術但安全上存在漏洞的項目。”曹勝熙説。
“Before the issuance of the Rules, domestic financial sector chains should have existed in a situation of barbarous growth, some should have been declared to be based on the chain, but others should have been based on the chain, but not on security. After the issuance of the Rules, the former “false” links could have been excluded, as well as the use of sector chain techniques, but there were security gaps.” Seung-hee Cao.
井通科技CEO和MOAC區塊鏈聯合創始人周沙表示，此次由央行牽頭制定的《規範》對金融機構和金融科技公司具有很強的業務指導性，未來，監管部門也可考慮根據技術標準來推出相應的産品目錄和名單，進一步引導行業良性和規範發展。
The IUTEC CEO and MOAC sector links together led by the central bank said that, in the future, the regulatory department could also consider the introduction of a catalogue and list of relevant products in accordance with technical standards to guide the development of good practices and regulations by providing strong guidance to financial institutions and financial technology companies.
法定數字貨幣不預設技術路線
The legal digit currency does not foresee a technical route.
除了《規範》的推出，近期，中國人民銀行數字貨幣研究所區塊鏈課題組還在《中國金融》上以“區塊鏈技術的發展與管理”為題撰文。該文明確了區塊鏈獨有的信任傳遞機制的優勢，同時也點出了一些不足，並提出要引導區塊鏈産業健康有序發展。該文稱，正確認識區塊鏈技術的適用場景，不是所有的項目都需要區塊鏈，也不是所有的數據都需要上鏈。
In addition to the introduction of the Rules, China’s People’s Bank’s Digital Currency Research Institute’s District Chains Panel has recently written in China Finance on the theme “Development and management of sector chain technologies.” This civilization has confirmed the unique advantages of the chain’s trust transfer mechanism, and has also identified some shortcomings and proposed to lead to a healthy development of the sector’s chain.
官方在區塊鏈領域動作頻頻引人關注，也引發業內對央行法定數字貨幣（DC/EP）或將加快推出的猜測。一些人認為，疫情一定程度上也是數字經濟的催化劑。央行官方微信公眾號1月發佈的《盤點央行的2019｜金融科技》中指出，在堅持雙層運營、M0替代、可控匿名的前提下，法定數字貨幣的頂層設計、標準制定、功能研發、聯調測試等工作目前已基本完成。
Some argue that the epidemic is also, to some extent, a catalyst for the digital economy. According to the Central Bank's Official MicroCertificate 2019 Bills of Financial Technology released in January, top-level designs, standard-setting, functional development, and joint testing of the statutory numeric currency are now largely complete, subject to insistence on double-storey operations, M0 replacements, controlled anonymity.
區塊鏈在支付領域落地前景如何？法定數字貨幣是否會採取區塊鏈技術？中國人民銀行數字貨幣研究所區塊鏈課題組撰文稱，區塊鏈以大量冗余數據的同步存儲和共同計算為代價，犧牲了系統處理效能和客戶的部分隱私，尚不適合傳統零售支付等高併發場景。
What are the prospects of a chain landing in a pay-as-you-go area? Will the statutory dollar take the chain technology? The People’s Bank of China’s Digital Currency Research Institute’s section on the chain has written that the chain, at the expense of the system’s efficiency and some of the client’s privacy, is not suitable for such high-level developments as traditional retail payments.
央行人士此前多次表態透露的資訊是，在保證中心化管理和貨幣主權的前提下，央行在推進法定數字貨幣的過程中不預設技術路線，也就是説不一定依賴某一種技術路線。
The information that central bankers have stated on several previous occasions is that, while guaranteeing centralization and currency ownership, the central bank does not foresee a technical route, that is to say, does not necessarily rely on a certain type of technical route, in the process of moving into a legal digit currency.
在近日于麻省理工學院舉行的MIT比特幣大會上，有專家認為，區塊鏈技術目前還不是央行數字貨幣的設計選擇。國際貨幣基金組織（IMF）經濟學家新力婭·達維多維奇表示，儘管分佈式賬本技術可以為央行數字貨幣提供交易追蹤在內的多種特定功能，但在保障用戶隱私、與非區塊鏈系統的互操作性（例如支付系統）以及貨幣價值轉移上尚存不完備之處。
At the MIT Bitcoins conference recently held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, experts argued that chain technology is not currently a central bank numerical currency design option. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) economists, Nueva & #183; Davidovich said that while a separate accounting system could provide multiple specific functions for central bank digits to track, there is still room for privacy of users, interoperability with non-connected chain systems (e.g. payment systems) and the transfer of currency values.
周沙表示，現有的基於公鏈的支付手段，是一個完全去中心化的方案，其優點是具備去中心化的信任機制，但缺點是設置複雜、無法監管、無離線支付功能、速度慢，無法支援大量用戶的交易。“完全去中心化的模式不能滿足央行對於零售支付場景併發量的要求。不過，一些改進的、混合型的類區塊鏈方式或可以同時滿足監管對數字貨幣中心化管理和其運作的速度、效率以及安全性的要求。”他説。
Chossa states that the existing payment instruments based on the public chain are a fully decentralized programme, with the advantage of having a decentralised trust system, but the disadvantage is that they are complex, unsupervised, unwieldy, slow, and unable to support transactions involving a large number of users. “A fully decentralized model does not meet the central bank’s demands for retail payment site consolidation.
周沙表示，井通科技正在研究基於區塊鏈的可擴展快速支付方案，這一方案在滿足現有的現金所能完成的全部重要功能的同時，能夠更加有效地滿足當前及未來在金融領域對數字貨幣的需求。
Chossa said that I-Technology was looking at a fast-disbursable fast-disbursing programme based on the chain, which, while meeting all the important functions that existing cash could perform, would be more effective in meeting the current and future demand for digital currency in the financial domain.
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