支付工具(Payment Instrument)
Payment Instrument
支付工具是指用於資金清算和結算過程中的一種載體，可以是記錄和授權傳遞支付指令和信息發起者的合法金融機構賬戶證件，也可以是支付發起者合法簽署的可用於清算和結算的金融機構認可的資金憑證。
The payment tool means the liquidation of funds and , which can record and authorize the transfer of of one of the loads in the process .
(一)從支付工具的發展歷史分析支付的產生
(i) From historical analysis of the development of payment instruments
1.度量價值的交易媒介出現後。以物為中間媒介的支付方式的不足：價值的度量帶有間接性。支付範圍的局限性，債務關係的認叮帶有指定性，支付方式的形成帶有習慣性。只有用以國家信用並行使國家權力發行的貨幣出現時，才使交易中的債務關係的清償帶有社會公認的法定性質。
1. After the value of the transaction medium appears, : values limitations in the coverage, the bond of the debt line = 8%"BF"blibs = "Bf2ibt""
2.貨幣成為社會接受的支付方式。原因是貨幣支付方式具備的特點:價值度量的普遍性；範圍使用的社會性；債務清償的合法性;支付方式的法定性。貨幣現金支付方式的環節為:債務關係→支付方式→現金(幾具)→清償。
2. The currency becomes a socially accepted mode of payment. The reason is the speciality of the currency payment: the universality of the measure of value; the social nature of the scale used; ; the legality of the method of payment.
3.採用與貨幣等值的其他東西作為支付工具使得支付方式得以演變和多樣化。支付方式的多樣化產生的原因為貨幣等值物形式的多樣性和認同方式的多樣性使支付方式以不同形式產生。
3. The use of other items equal to the currency as a payment tool allows the method of payment to evolve and become multiple. The multiplicity of payment methods results from the multiplicity of forms of currency equivalents and the multiplicity of ways of recognizing them in different forms.
(二)從支付的功能分析支付的產生
(ii) Payment from functional analysis of payments
支付作為債權和債務關係清償的雛型最初源於買和賣的一個基本過程。支付的形成經歷了幾個過程:首先，是存在買賣的交易;其次，是有商品轉移的債權債務關係形成;然後，是支付的清償；最後，才是交易過程的完成。
在交易活動中山於出現銀行，支付的過程就可能涉及到多方問債務關係清償產生多重關係。多方均可能與銀行發件借貸的債權債務關係，多方都將與銀行通過支付方式來清償這種關係，多方間由於交易義將產生債務關係，交易的債務關係也要通過支付來清償山於多重的支付關係存在，因此，支付的環節就出現，如消費者支付給生產者，生產者支付給銀行，這種多重債務的清償關係出現，就產生支付轉移和清算結算關係的出現。
In transactions where banks appear, the process of payment may involve multiple relationships with multiple creditors. The multiple parties may have multiple relationships with . The multiple parties will settle this relationship with the banks through payment, which will result in a debt relationship between the traders and the producers who pay the producers, so that the payments to the banks will be reversed and settled if pays the producers.
通過賬戶劃轉的結算力式，提高了資金清償的效率，減少了在結算過程中資金在途占用的時間，提高了資金的使用效率，多重債務關係的支付清償就變成交易方間在銀行賬戶間的劃撥關係。
less efficient use of funds in accounting process time spent on the journey, reducing the efficiency of the use of the funds, and making the settlement of multiple debt relationships a relationship between the trading parties in bank accounts.
1.在銀行參與的信用社會中，經濟活動的主體在銀行里都設有賬戶，其與銀行間所產生的債權債務關係，就簡化為借和貸的賬務關係。
In the credit society in which banks participate, >/a , its relationship with the interbank debt obligation is simplified as a loan and loan account.
2．向銀行借款就增加了借款者的存款賬戶的值，同時也產生了相同金額的對銀行的債務，以後就要通過採用扣減存款賬戶的同等金額的本金和約定的利息的劃撥方式來進行支付。
Loans to increase the value of the borrower's deposit account and also generate an equivalent amount of debt to the bank, which is to be paid through the application of the equivalent amount of the withholding deposit account .
3．交易方間由於商品的轉移而產生的債權和債務，也可通過相互間在銀行間的賬戶問的劃撥方式來進行支付。
3. Debts and liabilities arising from the transfer of may also be paid by means of cross-checking with bank accounts.
4．信用社會中銀行的出現，銀行就擔負了交易經濟活動中債權和債務關係的結算角色，這種結算是用賬戶上的劃撥方式來實現，它減少了商品流通中的現金使用量和結算過程中的資金占用，並提高了資金周轉使用的效益。
4. The presence of banks in the credit society led them to assume the role of accounting for debt rights and debt relations in the trading economy, which was achieved by drawing lines on account accounts that reduced current amounts usage and utilization of funds in the accounting process were increased by
(三)支付清算的存在條件
(iii) Existence of conditions for payment in liquidation
1．債務關係的清償性。支付、清償債務關係的方式包括：現金支付的方式是社會普遍接受的支付工具；賬戶劃轉的方式；銀行票據支付方式，特定的範圍和條件可以作為相互認可的支付方式；資產抵押支付方式只能成為當事人接受的，不能成為社會上認可。
The modalities for payment and settlement of debts include: in the form of cash payment instruments generally accepted by society; account transfer modalities; in the form of cash payments; specific perimeters and terms can be used as mutually recognized means of payment; 2．社會的接受性。社會的接受性是衡量支付是否能清償債務的一種社會認同標準和支付實用和可行的社會標準，只要有社會的認同性就可創造出新的支付工具，而新的支付工具的使用和成功需要具有開拓市場的精神，這樣的認同要與市場的開拓同時進行。
2. Social acceptability. Social acceptance is a social recognition and payment compliance and workability standard that measures whether or not payments are paid. When there is social identity, new payment instruments can be created, and the use and success of new payment instruments requires opening up . Such recognition takes place at the same time as the opening of the market. 3．手段採用的便利性。支付方式的便捷性是支付方式得以發展和社會接受原動力，功能使用的便利性是促使其成為為社會所接受的新的支付信貸工具，還包括手續使用的簡潔性，但同時需得到系統環境的有力支撐，如銀聯。
3. The ease with which the means are used. The ease with which payments are made is that they are developed and socially accepted. The ease with which the functions are used is that they become socially acceptable new instruments for the payment of loans. It also includes the simplicity with which they are used over time, but at the same time requires strong support from the system environment, such as Silver Union. 4．支付使用的安全性。要求支付傳遞的通道可靠、採用支付方式的載體可靠及交易方身份確認的可靠。
4. Safety of use of payments. Requires that the channel through which the payments are made be reliable, that the carrier using the means of payment be reliable and that the identity of the parties to the transaction be reliable. 5．支付信用的可靠性。由於現金攜帶的不方便、現金保管的不安全、搬運過程中的風險、使用過程中有隱患及幣種間支付存在障礙，因此，在支付活動中人們將越來越藉助於銀行和金融機構發行的各種支付工具來進行經濟生活中支付與結算活動，要求建立在信用可靠性基礎上的品牌。
Reliability. For reasons of inconvenience in cash belts, insecurity in cash custody, , and for which there are hidden problems in the use of the program and currency > move > ), which is based on the creditability of 6．法律制度的保證性。支付活動需要健全的法制的保障。法律制度的保證是新的支付方式和工具產生的基本社會環境條件，是一個帶基礎性工作。法律體制的保證體系不健全導致不公平。法律制度的保證是創新和發行新的金融工具時發行主體應該所面對和考慮的主要問題。
The legal system . The legal system is the basic social context of the new payment methods and tools generated by , which is a foundational work. The legal system guarantees are > > > and ahref 1473年，世界上第一家銀行在義大利的威尼斯問世，這是支付系統結構演變過程中的一個裡程碑。隨著經濟的發展，支付工具也經歷了以下的階段。
In 1473, the first bank in the world was born in Venice, Italy, as a milestone in the process of changing the structure of the payment system. The payment tool went through the following stages with the development of . (一)實物支付階段
(i) Real-estate payment phase 從實物交換到貨幣交換的轉變是支付技術發生的第一次重要變革，此後一切商品的價值都集中地、統一地表現在一種貴金屬商品如黃金白銀上。貴金屬黃金或白銀充當了一般等價物——貨幣，並具有支付工具的職能，這是實物貨幣(commodity money)階段。馬克思指出：“金銀天然不是貨幣，但貨幣天然是金銀。”以金銀作為貨幣，幾乎是所有國家共同的歷史。之所以如此，是因為它們具有以下特點：(1)幣值穩定，便於攜帶；(2)價值大，易於分割；(3)不受場景、季節的影響，易於貯藏；(4)具有同意的價值衡量標準。
"At least gold or 商品經濟和信用制度的發展聯繫在一起。紙幣(paper-note)的出現是支付技術發生的第二次重大變革。紙幣是在信用沒有充分發展的條件下，由國家印製、強行發行並代替金屬貨幣使用的價值符號。從由貴金屬做後盾的紙幣發展到與貴金屬無關的紙幣，意味著貨幣形式發展到了一個新的階段，即信用貨幣階段。
The payment tool is the product of history and 電子支付系統整逐漸取代傳統支付系統，支付工具和支付手段也在發生變革。一種以電子數據形式存儲在電腦中並能通過電腦網路而使用的資金被人們形象地稱為“電子貨幣”。電子錢包、網路貨幣的出現，不僅從支付方式上進行了變革，而且從貨幣本質上對現代金融理論以及中央銀行的貨幣政策提出了挑戰。
At present, the payment system is undergoing a transformation whereby replaces the traditional payment system with 雖然電子支付媒介的出現沒有從根本上改變法定貨幣的本質，但是卻帶來了新的、更便利的支付工具(方式)。在批發支付服務市場上，提供專門服務的企業銀行業務、電子數據交換(EDI)、大額實時資金轉賬系統等已經被開發出來。
Although the presence of electronic payment media has not fundamentally changed the quality of , new and more convenient payment tools (how). The wholesale payment of 國際清算銀行在1999年發佈了一份對比利時、德國、義大利、荷蘭、瑞士、瑞典、日本、澳大利亞、美國、英國、法國、加拿大這12個國家1990---1997年間零售支付方式變化的比較研究報告，對主要零售支付變化的動態及其原因進行了分析。
International Bank for Liquidation published in 1999 an analysis of the reasons for the transformation of the country's retail sales of 要促進電子商務的健康快速發展，就必須全面推動法律、信用、技術、社會等方面的發展。要積極推動立法，用法律手段保障網上支付，營造良好的網上支付法律環境。要建立健全信用體系，因為只有完善的信用體系才能更好地推動網上支付的發展和進步。要推動技術創新，加強網路通信基礎設施建設，逐步普及網路通信；增強安全措施，防止網上詐騙等。要積極推廣電子支付，促進互聯網經濟的發展，為電子支付營造良好的社會環境。
requires a full push of the law, , (一)加快推進人民幣資本項下自由兌換，擴大人民幣對外結算範圍
(i) Speed up the free swap under the People's Dollar capital and widen the scope of the People's Dollar to external accounting 目前人民幣跨境貿易正在逐步發展壯大，人民幣資本項下自由兌換隻是時間問題，人民幣如果能夠實現完全自由可兌換，這將給我國支付工具的拓展創新提供更為廣闊的發展空間。將來人民幣作為國際貿易結算貨幣，對我國的支付工具發展帶來一個質的飛躍，中國市場將有自己的PayPal。
>, which will provide a new and more extensive development space for my country's payment tools. (二)完善電子支付相關法律法規，為發展創新提供良好的法律環境
(ii) Improvement of laws and regulations relating to electronic payments to provide a sound legal environment for the development of innovations 面對電子支付行業及新型支付工具的迅猛發展，因管理滯後而引起的法律問題不斷凸顯，通過完善法律法規嚴格第三方支付機構的準入和退出以及對支付工具的監管，加強對大量在途和沉澱資金及孽息管理，規範虛擬貨幣的發行，確保交易資金安全和消費者權益，積極提升支付工具發展環境。
the Law , the admission and withdrawal of strict third-party payment institutions and the supervision of payment instruments through improved legal regulations, and the strengthening of a substantial amount of en route and 人民銀行應充分發揮央行支付清算的中介作用，大力發展大額支付系統、小額支付系統、支票影像業務系統等業務系統功能，為創新支付工具提供交易平臺，提高支付工具的使用範圍。
People's Bank , (四)著力建設網路線上安全交易平臺，提高安全等級和技術標準
(iv) Work to establish a secure trade platform on the Internet to improve security levels and technical standards 一是人民銀行、公安等職能部門建立“網路支付交易安全區域”，重點監側該區域的數據傳輸、信息發送等異常情況，提高系統的安全等級；二是建立SET通用安全國際標準，對交易的每個環節進行認證，是當前國際流行的安全技術標準；三是制定符合中國國情的網上支付標準規範，減少標準不一帶來的風險。
The first is the creation by the People's Bank, Public Security and others of a “Network Payment Transactions Security Area” with a focus on , information distribution, etc., to improve system security; the second is the establishment of an international standard for SET General Safety, which allows for the verification of each ring of the transaction, which is the standard for safety techniques of the international epidemic; and the third is the establishment of a standard for online payment consistent with China's situation, which reduces the risk of . (五)大力宣傳支付工具相關金融知識，提高消費群體的認知度
(v) Promote financial awareness of payment instruments and raise awareness of consumption groups 一是通過電視媒體、印製宣傳單等多種形式加大支付工具相關知識的宣傳，逐步改變老百姓熱衷使用傳統支付工具觀念，提高公眾對現代支付工具的認知度；二是要向消費者重點宣傳如何安全使用電子支付工具，減少消費顧慮，增強使用意願，改善傳統習慣，擴大電子支付工具使用人群。
One is to increase public awareness of modern payment tools by increasing awareness of payment tools through , printing of promotional leaflets, etc., by gradually changing public interest in the use of traditional payment tools and increasing public awareness of modern payment tools; and the second is to re-advocating the user with the safe use of electronic payment tools by reducing the use of to increase public awareness of the use of electronic payment tools .
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