这几天一直在看关于ETH伦敦升级方面的资料，简单的聊一下，在加密货币的世界里，无论是投资机构、区块链应用开发者、矿机商，还是个人投资者、硬件供应商、 游戏 行业从业者等等，提起以太坊，或多或少都会有一些了解。
We've been looking at information about the ETH upgrade in London over the last few days, just to talk about the world of encrypted money, whether it's an investment agency, a block chain developer, a miner, a private investor, a hardware supplier, a gamer, a trader, and so on, bringing up Ether, or more or less, some knowledge.
一方面取决于以太坊代币 ETH 本身的造富效应。从 2014 年首次发行以来，投资回报率已经超过 7400 倍。
On the one hand, it depends on the enrichment effect of ETH itself. Since its first release in 2014, the return on investment has exceeded 7,400 times.
另一方面，以太坊作为应用最广泛的去中心应用编程平台，引来无数开发者在其之上开发应用。这些应用不仅产生了巨大的商业价值，伴随 DEFI 生态、NFT 生态、DAO 生态蓬勃发展，也给 ETH 带来了更多使用者。
On the other hand, as a programming platform for the most widely applied go-to-the-centre applications, it has led to numerous developers developing applications. These applications not only produce great commercial value, but also bring more users to ETH, along with DEFI ecology, NFT ecology, DAO ecology.
随着“伦敦升级计划”临近，ETH 再次聚集所有人的关注目光。
As the London upgrade draws near, ETH gathers everyone's attention again.
以太坊 2.0 到底是什么？包含哪些升级？目前进展如何？
What exactly is Etheria 2.0? Which upgrades are included? How are we doing?
以太坊 2.0 到来，会对现有以太坊生态的去中心化应用产生哪些影响？
Etheria 2.0. What will be the impact of the decentralised application of the existing Etheria ecology?
ETH 是否值得持续投资？看完相信你会有自己的判断。
Is ETH worth investing in? You'll have your own judgment when you're done.
如果将搭建应用比作造房子，那么以太坊就提供了墙面、屋顶、地板等模块，用户只需像搭积木一样把房子搭起来，因此在以太坊上建立应用的成本和速度都大大改善。以太坊的出现，迅速吸引了大量开发者进入以太坊的世界编写出各类去中心应用，极大丰富人们对去中心应用场景的需求。
If building applications are compared to building houses, then the Etheria provides modules like walls, roofs, floors, and so on, the user needs to build the house up like a building block, so the cost and speed of building applications in Ether is much better. The Etheraya’s emergence quickly attracts a large number of developers into the Ether World to prepare various applications to go to the centre, which greatly enriches the need for applications to go to the centre.
以太坊应用开发模型示意
Ithaya Applied Development Models
以太坊与ETH
Etheria and ETH
现有市场的加密货币，只是在区块链技术应用在某一场景下的单一代币。
The encrypted currency of the existing market is only a single token of block chain technology applied in a given scenario.
以太坊也不例外，它的完整项目名称是“下一代智能合约与去中心化应用平台”，Ether（以太币）是其原生加密货币，简称 ETH。
Ether is no exception, and its full project name is the Next Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform, and Ether is its original encrypted currency, ETH.
ETH 除了可以用来与各种类型数字资产之间进行有效交换，还提供支付交易费用的机制，即我们现在做链上操作时所支付的 GAS 费用。GAS 费用机制的出现，即保护了以太坊网络上创建的应用不会被恶意程序随意滥用，又因为 GAS 收入归矿工所有，让更多的用户参与到以太坊网络的记账当中成为矿工，进一步维护了以太坊网络安全与生态发展。
In addition to the efficient exchange that can be used with various types of digital assets, ETH provides a mechanism to cover transaction costs, i.e., the GAS costs that we are now operating on the chain. The GAS cost mechanism, which protects applications created on the Etherm network from being misused by malicious processes, has been created because the GAS revenues are owned by miners, more users are involved in the Etherm network accounts as miners, and further preserves the safety and ecological development of the Etherm network.
与 BTC 不同的是，ETH 并没有采用 SHA256 挖矿算法，避免了整个挖矿生态出现由 ASIC（专用集成电路）矿机主导以至于大部分算力被中心化机构控制所带来的系统性风险。
In contrast to BTC, ETH did not use the SHA256 mining algorithm to avoid the systemic risk that the entire excavated ecology would be dominated by ASIC (specialized integrated circuits) mines so that much of the arithmetic would be controlled by centralised institutions.
以太坊最初采用的是 PoW（Proof of Work）的工作量证明机制，人们需要通过工作量证明以获取手续费回报。我们经常听说矿工使用显卡挖矿，他们做的就是 POW 工作量证明。显卡越多，算力越大，那么工作量就越大，收入也就越高。
It was initially introduced by the Proof of Work as a workload proof mechanism that people needed to prove their workload in return for their fees. We often heard that miners used video cards for mining, and all they did was the Pow workload. The more credit cards, the more productive, the higher the workload, the higher the income.
当前，整个以太坊网络的总算力大约为 870.26 TH/s，用我们熟悉的消费级显卡来对比，英伟达 RTX 3080 的显卡算力大约为 92-93 MH/s，以太坊网络相当于 936 万张 3080 显卡算力的总和。
At present, the total strength of the entire Ethernom network is about 870.26 TH/s, compared with our familiar consumer-level cards, with an estimated 92-93 MHz/s card strength of the British Weida RTX 3080, and the Ethernom network is equivalent to 9.36 million cards and 3080 cards combined.
以太坊白皮书内非常明确提到之后会将 PoW 工作证明的账本机制升级为 POS （Proof of Stake）权益证明的账本机制。
The PoW certificate-of-work mechanism will be upgraded to the POS (Proof of Stark) certificate-of-interest mechanism after very explicit mention in the Taiwan White Paper.
ETH经济模型
与 BTC 总量 2100 万枚不同，ETH 的总量并没有做上限，而是在首次预售的 ETH 数量基础上每年增发，增发数量为 0.26x（x 为发售总量）。
Unlike the BTC total of 21 million, the total quantity of ETH is not capped, but is increased annually by 0.26 x (x for total sales) on the basis of the number of ETHs first presold.
但也不用担心 ETH 会无限通胀下去，长期来看，每年增发币的数量与每年因死亡或者粗心原因遗失币的数量大致相同，ETH 的“货币供应增长率”是趋近于零的。
But don't worry about the limitless inflation that ETH will have, in the long run, the amount of extra money per year is roughly the same as the amount of money lost each year due to death or carelessness, and ETH's “currency supply growth rate” is closer to zero.
ETH 分配模型包含早期购买者，早期贡献值，长期捐赠与矿工收益，具体分配比例如下表。
The ETH distribution model includes early purchasers, early contribution values, long-term donations and miner earnings, with a percentage distribution as shown in the table below.
现在每年将有 60,102,216 * 0.26=15,626,576 个 ETH 被矿工挖出，转成 PoS 后，每年产出的 ETH 将减少。
Now, 60,102,216 *0.26 = 15,626,576 ETHs will be excavated by miners each year, and the annual output of ETHs will be reduced after conversion to PS.
目前，市场上流通的 ETH 总量约为 116,898,848 枚，总市值约为 2759 亿美元。
At present, the total number of ETHs in circulation on the market is approximately 116,898,848, with a total market value of approximately $27.59 billion.
以太坊发展历程
Etheria Development Course
1. 边境阶段（2015年）：上线后不久进行了第一次分叉，调整未来挖矿的难度。此版本处于实验阶段，技术并未成熟，最初只能让少部分开发者参与挖矿，智能合约也仅面向开发者开发应用使用，并没有用户参与，以太坊网络处于萌芽期。
1. Border phase (2015): The first break-off took place shortly after the end of the line to adjust the difficulty of future mining. The version is in the experimental phase, with a lack of technological maturity, with only a small number of developers initially involved in mining, smart contracts only for developers and applications, with no user participation, and the e-Team network is in its infancy.
边境阶段 ETH 价格：1.24 美元。
Border phase ETH price: 1.24 US dollars.
2. 家园阶段（2016年）：以太坊主网于 2016 年 3 月进行了第二次分叉，发布了第一个稳定版本。此版本是第一个成熟的正式版本，采用 100% PoW 证明，引入难度炸弹，随着区块链数量的增加，挖矿难度呈指数增长，网络的性能大幅提升，以太坊项目也进入到快速成长期。在”家园“版本里，还发生了著名的”The DAO 攻击事件“，以太坊被社区投票硬分叉为以太坊（ETH）与以太经典（ETC）两条链，V 神站在了 ETH 这边。
Home Phase (2016): The second break-off of the Ether Home Network took place in March 2016 with the release of the first stabilization version. This is the first full-fledged official version, with 100% Pow proof that the introduction of difficult bombs has increased exponentially as the number of blocks increases, network performance has increased significantly, and the Ether Project has reached a rapid and long term. In the Home Version, there was also the famous "The DAO attack" in which Tethan voted by the community to split the Ether (ETH) into two chains with the Ether Classic (ETC), V God is on the side.
家园阶段 ETH 价格：12.50 美元。
Home phase ETH Price: $12.50.
3. 都会阶段（2017~2019年）：都会的开发又分为三个阶段，升级分成了三次分叉，分别是 2017 年 10 月的“拜占庭”、2019 年 2 月底的“君士坦丁堡“、以及 2019 年 12 月的“伊斯坦布尔”。这些升级主要改善智能合约的编写、提高安全性、加入难度炸弹以及一些核心架构的修改，以协助未来从工作量证明转至权益证明。
Urban phases (2017-2019): the development of each city was further divided into three phases, with upgrades divided into three forks: the Byzantine of October 2017, Constantinople of February 2019, and Istanbul of December 2019. These upgrades mainly improved the preparation of smart contracts, increased security, the inclusion of difficult bombs and changes to some core structures to assist in the transition from workload to equity in the future.
在都会阶段，以太坊网络正式显现出其威力，正式进入成熟期。智能合约让不同链上的加密货币可以互相交易，ERC-20 也在 2017 代币发行的标准，成千上万个项目在以太坊网络进行募资，被称作“首次代币发行（ICO）”，相信很多币圈的老人都是被当时 ICO 造富效应带进来的。到 2019 年，随着DeFi 生态的崛起，金融产品正式成为以太链上最大的产业。
During the metropolitan phase, Ethernet officially showed its power, officially entering maturity. Smart contracts allowed encrypted money to be traded across different chains, and ERC-20 standards were issued in 2017, with thousands of projects raising money on Ethernet, known as “ICO”, and believed that many of the older people in the currency circle were brought in by the ICO enrichment effect of the time. By 2019, with the rise of the DeFi ecology, financial products had officially become the largest industry in the chain.
都会阶段 ETH 价格：151.06 美元。
ETH price: $151.06.
4. 宁静阶段（2020-2023年）：与都会分三阶段开发相同，宁静阶段目前预计分成三次分叉：柏林（已完成）、伦敦（即将到来）、以及后面的第三次分叉。“宁静”阶段又称为“以太坊 2.0”，是项目的最终阶段，以太坊将从工作量证明方式正式转向权益证明，并开发第二层扩容方案，提高整个网络的运行效率。
The calm phase (2020-2023) is currently expected to be divided into three forks: Berlin (completed), London (coming) and the third fork that follows. The quiet phase, also known as the “Etheria 2.0”, is the final phase of the project, which will formally move from proof of workload to proof of entitlement and develop a second layer of expansion programmes to increase the efficiency of the entire network.
宁静阶段可以说是以太坊网络的集大成之作，如果说前个三阶段只是让以太坊的愿景展现的实验平台，宁静阶段之后的以太坊，将正式成为完全体，不仅有完备的生态应用，超级快的处理速度，众多网络协同发展，而且 PoS 机制会非常节约能源，真正代表了区块链技术逐渐走向成熟的标志。
The quiet phase can be described as a consummation of the Taiwan network. If the first three phases were merely an experimental platform for the vision of Etai, after which Etai will officially become complete, with not only sound ecological applications, super-fast processing speed, many networks developing in synergy, but also the PoS mechanism will be very energy-efficient and truly represent a sign of the growing maturity of block chain technology.
宁静阶段 ETH 价格：2021 年 4 月 15 日完成的柏林阶段，当天价格为 2454 美元。
ETH Price: Berlin, completed on 15 April 2021, at a price of US$ 2454 on the same day.
即将到来的伦敦协议升级
We're about to upgrade the London agreement.
以太坊生态
Ethioecology
以太坊的生态发展，从属性划可分为两大类：一是以太坊网络生态应用建设，二是以太坊网络扩容建设。两者相互融合，互相成就，应用需要更健壮强大的网络作为承载，网络需要功能完善的应用场景服务用户。
There are two broad categories of attributes to the eco-development of the Taikus: first, the development of eco-applications in the Taiyana network, and second, the expansion of the Taiyana network. The two combine, each achieves, the application requires a more robust network to carry on, and the network requires a well-functioning application site service for users.
先说应用生态，以太坊的生态我们又可以分为以下几大类：
First of all, the application ecology of the Etherms can be divided into the following broad categories:
1. 去中心化自制组织（DAO）生态
1. Decentralised Home Based Organization (DAO) Ecology
什么是去中心化自制组织？还是以我们熟悉的比特币举例：比特币目前市值七千多亿美金，在全球资产市值类排名第九，但比特币并不是某一公司发布的产品，也没有特定公司组织招聘人员进行维护。比特币现有的一切，都源于比特币持有者、比特币矿工自发形成的分布式组织，他们通过投票方式规划比特币发展路线，自发参与维护比特币程序与网络 —这仅仅因为只要拥有比特币，所有人都是比特币网络建设中的受益者，一切维护都源于自身的利益关系。
What is a decentralised homemade organization? Or, for example, with the bitcoin that we know: Bitcoin currently has a market value of over $700 billion, ranking ninth in the global asset market class, but Bitcoin is not a product issued by a company, nor does it have a company-specific organization that recruits personnel to maintain it. All of what Bitcoin exists is derived from the spontaneous distribution of bitcoin holders, bitcoin miners, who, by voting, plan the bitcoin development route, participate spontaneously in maintaining the bitcoin process and the network – simply because, with Bitcoin, everyone is the beneficiary of the Bitcoin network, all of which is based on their own interests.
比特币的发明与成功运行，突破了由荷兰人创建、至今流行 400 多年的公司商业架构，开创出一种全新的、无组织架构的、全球分布式的商业模式，这就是 DAO。
Bitcoin's invention and successful operation broke through a 400-year-old corporate business architecture created by the Dutch and creating a brand-new, unstructured, globally distributed business model, DAO.
再说回以太坊，以太坊的 DAO 可以由智能合约编写，用户自定义应用场景。简单说就是我们规定出程序执行条件与执行范围，真实世界里只要触发设定好的条件，程序就会自动执行运行，且所有过程都会在以太坊的网络上进行去中心化公开验证，不需要经过人工或者任何第三方组织机构确认。
In addition, the DAO of Etheria can be written by smart contracts and user-defined applications. Simply put, we set the terms and scope of the program implementation, and whenever the set conditions are triggered in the real world, the program will run automatically, and all processes will be decentralised and publicly validated on the Etheraya network, without the need for manual or any third-party organization to confirm it.
以太坊 DAO 生态演化出许多商业场景，有慈善机构使用 DAO 建立公开透明的捐款与使用机制，有风投机构使用 DAO 建立公平分配的风险基金。
A number of business scenes have evolved in Etheria DAO ecology, with charities using DAO to establish open and transparent donor and use mechanisms, and wind investment agencies using DAOs to set up risk funds for equitable distribution.
以太坊生态的很多项目都采用 DAO 自治，代表项目有：Uniswap，AAVE，MakerDAO，Compound，Decred，Dash 等。
Many of the projects in Etheria Ecology are autonomous DAOs, representing Uniswap, AAVE, MakerDAO, Compound, Decred, Dash, etc.
2. 去中心化金融（DEFI）生态
2. Decenterate Finance (DEFI) Ecology
在传统商业世界里，我们如果需要借钱、存钱，或者买某一公司股票，或者做企业贷款、融资，只要是进行金融活动，总离不开与银行、证券机构、会计事务所这些金融机构打交道。
In the traditional business world, financial institutions such as banks, securities agencies, accounting firms are essential if we need to borrow money, deposit money, buy shares of a company, or do business loans, finance, as long as we carry out financial activities.
而在去中心的世界里，区块链本质就是集合所有人交易记录且公开的大账本，我们可以非常容易的追溯到每一个钱包地址发生过的每一笔交易，查询到任意一个钱包地址的余额信息，从而对钱包地址里的资产做评估。
In the central world, the block chain is essentially a large account book that gathers records of the owner's transactions and is publicly available, and we can easily trace every transaction that occurs at each wallet address, look for balance information at any one wallet address, and evaluate the assets in the wallet address.
举个例子：全世界个人贷款最贵的国家是印度，印度的年轻人房贷利率目前是 8.8%，最高曾经到过 20%；与此对应，全世界个人存款利率最低的国家是日本，日本政府为了鼓励民众消费，在很长一段时间里银行存款利率是负值，日本人在银行存款不仅没有利息，还要给银行交保管费。理论上，如果日本人将自己的存款借与印度人，双方都能获得利益最大化，但现实生活中这样的场景很难发生。一是每个国家都有外汇管制，日本人的钱并不容易能给到印度人，二是印度人的信用如何日本人也不好评估，大家没有统一标准，万一借出去的钱无法归还，不能没了收益还要蒙受损失。
For example: India, the world’s most expensive country for personal loans, where interest rates for young people are currently 8.8%, up to 20%; Japan, which has the lowest interest rate on personal deposits in the world, and Japan, where interest rates on bank deposits have been negative for a long period of time to encourage people to consume, also pays for bank deposits. In theory, if the Japanese lend their money to the Indians, both sides can maximize their benefits, but in real life it is difficult. First, every country has foreign exchange controls, Japanese money is not easy to give to Indians, and second, how Indian credit is difficult to assess.
但在去中心的世界里，这样的事情就简单的多。
But in the middle of the world, it's a lot simpler.
如果印度人的钱包地址里有比特币，我们就可以利用智能合约，印度人将自己的比特币质押进去，根据比特币当时的价格，系统自动给印度人一个授信额度，印度人就可以拿着这个额度去和日本人借款，并规定好还款的周期与利率。如果印度人违约，合约自动将印度人质押进去的比特币扣除，优先保障日本的权利，这样，日本人不用担心安全问题放心享受收益，印度人也有了更多的款项做为流动资金。
If Indian wallets contain bitcoins, we can use smart contracts, Indians put their bitcoins in, and, according to the price of bitcoins at the time, the system automatically gives Indians a credit line, and Indians can take this amount to borrow with Japanese and set the periodicity and interest rates. If Indians default, the contract automatically deducts bitcoins into Indian hostages, giving priority to protecting Japan’s rights.
这个例子就是去中心金融的简单应用，实际上，这就是我们参与 DEFI 挖矿是质押理财的原理 —— 当然真正应用实现算法与场景要复杂的多。
And this is the simple application of going to central finance, which, in fact, is the principle that our participation in DAFI mining is a pledge of money -- and, of course, the real application of algorithms and scenarios is much more complex.
DEFI 根据场景不同，又可以分为很多赛道，比如稳定币、预言机、AMM 交易所、衍生品、聚合器等等。
DEFI, depending on the scene, can be divided into a number of tracks, such as a stable currency, a prophecy machine, an AMM exchange, derivatives, polymers, etc.
DEFI 代表项目有：Dai，Augur，Chainlink，WBTC，0x，Balance，Liquity 等。
DEFI represents Dai, Augur, Chainlink, WBTC, 0x, Balance, Liquity, etc.
3. 非同质化代币（NFT）生态
3. Non-synchronous Currency (NFT) Ecology
世界名画《蒙娜丽莎》，只有达·芬奇的原版可以展览在法国卢浮宫博物馆，哪怕现代的技术可以无比精细地复刻出来，仿品都不具备原版的收藏价值。
Only the original version of Da Vinci, the world's famous Mona Lisa, can be displayed at the Louvre Museum in France, and even modern technology can be engraved in great detail, with no original collection value.
这就是 NFT 的应用场景。NFT是我们可以用来表示独特物品所有权的代币，它们让我们将艺术品、收藏品甚至房地产等现实事物唯一代币化。虽然文件（作品）本身是可以无限复制，但代表它们的代币在链上可以被追踪，并为买家提供所有权证明。
This is the application of NFT. The NFT is the token that we can use to express the ownership of unique items, which allows us to monetize reality such as works of art, collections, and even real estate. While the documents themselves can be reproduced indefinitely, the tokens that represent them can be tracked on the chain and provide proof of ownership for buyers.
相比现实中实物版权、物权的双重交割相比，NFT 只需要交割描述此物品的唯一代币。NFT 作品往往存储在如 IPFS 这样的分布式存储网络里，随用随取，永不丢失，加之交割简单方便，很快吸引了大量玩家与投资者收藏转卖，NFT 出现也给艺术家提供了全新的收入模式。
NFT works are often stored in distributed storage networks such as IPFS and never lost, together with easy handouts, which quickly attract a large number of players to resell to investor collections, and the emergence of NFT provides artists with an entirely new income model.
类似 DEFI 生态，NFT 生态根据应用场景不同也产生了不同赛道，目前比较火热的赛道有 NFT 交易平台，NFT 游戏 平台，NFT 艺术品平台， NFT 与 DEFI 结合在一起的金融平台。
Similar to the DEFI ecology, the NFT ecology has produced different paths according to the application landscape, and currently the hottest track is the NFT trading platform, the NFT game platform, the NFT art platform, the NFT financial platform combined with DFI.
NFT 代表项目有：CryptoKitties，CryptoPunks，Meebits，Opensea，Rally，Axie Infinity，Enjin Coin，The Sandbox 等。
NFT represents CryptoKittys, CryptoPunks, Meebits, Opensea, Rally, Axie Infinity, Enjin Coin, The Sandbox, etc.
4. 标准代币协议（ERC-20）生态
与 NFT 非同质化代币所对应的，就是同质化代币。比如我们使用的人民币就是一种同质化代币，我们可以用人民币进行价值交换，即使序号不同也不影响其价值，如果面额相同，不同的钞票序号对持有者来说没有区别。
The equivalent of NFT non-assimilated tokens is a homogenous token. For example, the renminbi we use is a homogenous token in which we exchange values, even if the serial number does not affect its value, and if the face size is the same, the different serial numbers of the banknotes are no different for the holder.
BTC，ETH 和所有我们熟知的加密货币，都属于同质化代币。同种类的一个比特币和另一个比特币没有任何区别，规格相同，具有统一性。在交易中，只需关注代币交接的数量即可，其价值可能会根据交换的时间间隔而改变，但其本质并没有发生变化。
BTC, ETH and all the encrypted currencies we know are homogenous tokens. There is no difference between a bitcoin and another bitcoins of the same kind, the same specifications, and uniformity. In a transaction, it is sufficient to focus on the number of coins to be exchanged, the value of which may vary according to the time intervals of the exchange, but the nature of the change has not changed.
以太坊的 ERC-20 就是定义这种代币的标准协议，任何人都可以使用 ERC-20 协议，通过几行代码，发布自己在以太坊网络上的加密货币。
ERC-20 is the standard protocol for defining this token, and anyone can use the ERC-20 protocol to post their encrypted currency on Ethernet through several lines of code.
现在，以太坊网络上运行的代币种类有上百万个，上边提到的项目，大多也在以太坊网络中发布了自己的同质化代币。
There are now millions of tokens operating on the Ethernonet, and most of the projects mentioned above have also published their homogenous tokens on the Ethernonet.
ERC-20 代表项目有：USDT，USDC，WBTC 等。
ERC-20 represents the following projects: USDT, USDC, WBTC, etc.
以太坊网络扩容性
Extension of the Taiyo Network
我们先引入一个概念：区块链的不可能三角，即无论何种方法，我们都无法同时达到可扩展、去中心化、安全，三者只能得其二。
Let us first introduce the concept that the impossible triangle of the block chain, that is, we cannot simultaneously reach scalable, de-centralized and safe, with only two of them.
这其实很好理解，如果我们要去中心化和安全，就需要更多有节点参与网络进行验证，从而导致验证人增多、网络效率降低，扩展性下降。网络性能建设就是在三者之间找到平衡点。
This is actually a good understanding that if we are going to centralize and secure, we need more nodes to be involved in network validation, which leads to more certifiers, less network efficiency, and less expansion. Network performance is about finding a balance between the three.
用数据举例，目前比特币可处理转账 7 笔 / 秒，以太坊是 25 笔 / 秒，而 VISA 平均为 4500 笔 / 秒，峰值则达每秒上万笔。这种业务处理能力的差别，我们就可以简单理解为是「吞吐量」的差距。而想要提高吞吐量，则需要扩展区块链的业务处理能力，这就是所谓的扩展性。
With data, for example, bitcoin currently handles transfers of 7 pens/seconds, with an Etheria of 25 pens/seconds, compared to an average VISA of 4500 pens/seconds, with a peak of tens of thousands per second. This difference in business processing capacity can be understood simply as a " throughput" gap. If you want to increase the throughput, you need to expand the operational processing capacity of the block chain, which is called extension.
根据优化方法不同，以太坊网络性能扩容方案可以分为：
Depending on the optimisation method, the ESP is divided into:
1. Layer 1 链上扩展，所有交易都保留在以太坊上的扩展解决方案，具有更高的安全性。
1. The Layer 1 chain is extended, all transactions are reserved for Ether extended solutions with greater security.
链上扩展的本质还是改进以太坊主链本身，使整个系统拥有更高的拓展性与运行效率。一般的方法有两种，要么改变共识协议，比如 ETH 将从 PoW 转变为 PoS；要么使用分片技术，优化方法使网络具有更高效率。
The essence of the chain extension is also to improve the Etherm chain itself, allowing the entire system to be more outreach and operational. There are two general approaches, either to change the consensus agreement, such as the ETH from PoW to Pos, or to optimize the way the network is more efficient, using segmented technology.
2. Layer 2 链下扩展，在以太坊协议之上分层单独做各场景解决方案，具有更好的扩展性。
2. The Layer 2 chain has been expanded to provide a more expansive viewing solution at a stratification above the Tails agreement.
链下扩展可以理解为把计算、交易等业务处理场景拿到以太坊主链之外计算，最后将计算好的结果传回主链，主链只反映最终的结果而不用管过程，这样，无论多么复杂的应用都不会对主链产生影响。
The chain extension can be understood as taking business processing scenes such as calculations, transactions and so forth to be extraneous to the main chain, where the calculated results are returned, and where the chain reflects only the final result rather than the process, so that no complex application, however complex, will have an impact on the main chain.
我们并不需要明白具体技术实现，只需知道：相比 Layer 1 方案，Layer 2 方案网络不会干扰底层区块链协议，可以替 Layer 1 承担大部分计算工作，从而降低主网络的负担提高网络业务处理效率，是目前公认比较好的扩容方案。
We do not need to be clear about specific technologies, but simply know that the Layer 2 programme network will not interfere with the bottom block chain protocol compared to the Layer 1 scheme, and that it will be possible to undertake most of the computational work on behalf of Layer 1, thereby reducing the burden on the main network and increasing the efficiency of network operations, which is now recognized as a better expansion.
以太坊2.0
ETA 2.0
终于讲到以太坊 2.0，回到主题。
Finally speaking of Etheria 2.0, back to the theme.
通过回顾以太坊的发展 历史 ，以太坊 2.0 并不是新项目，它只是以太坊开发进程的最后一个阶段，它将由整个以太坊生态多个团队协同完成，目标是使以太坊更具可扩展性、更安全和更可持续，最终成为主流并为全人类服务。
By looking back at the development history of Etheria, Etheria 2.0 is not a new project, it is only the last phase of the Etherworld development process, and it will be carried out by a number of teams across Etherm's ecology, with the goal of making it more scalable, safer and sustainable, and ultimately mainstream and serve humanity as a whole.
ETH2建设目标:
1. 更具可扩展性。每秒支持 1000 次交易，以使应用程序使用起来更快、更便宜。
1. More scalable. 1000 transactions per second are supported to make applications faster and cheaper.
2. 更安全。以太坊变得更加安全，以抵御所有形式的攻击。
2. Safer. The Etheria has become safer from all forms of attack.
3. 更可持续。提高网络性能的同时减少对能源的消耗，更好地保护环境。
3. More sustainable. Increased network performance while reducing energy consumption and better protecting the environment.
最重要的变化，ETH2 将从 ETH1 使用的 PoW（Proof of Work）工作量证明机制升级为 POS （Proof of Stake）权益证明机制。不再以算力做为验证方式，而是通过质押加密货币的数量做为验证手段。矿工不需要显卡也能挖矿，既节省了时间成本与电力成本，又提高了 ETH 的利用率，非常类似钱存在银行获得利息。
The most important change is that ETH2 upgrades the PoW (Proof of Work) workload certification mechanism used by ETH1 to the POS (Proof of Stock) equity certification mechanism. It is no longer measured as a means of proof, but as a means of proof by pledging the amount of encrypted money. Miners do not need a visible card to dig mines, saving time and electricity costs, and increasing the use of ETH, which is very similar to the amount of money in which banks receive interest.
ETH2 主要使用的技术是分片分层技术实现整个网络扩容。
ETH2 The main technology used is the stratification technology for the expansion of the network as a whole.
ETH2 升级将分为三个阶段进行：
ETH2 The upgrade will take place in three phases:
1. 阶段0（正在进行）：信标链的创建与合并。信标链是 ETH2 的主链，如同人类的大脑，是 ETH2 得以运行的基础。
Phase 0 (ongoing): The beacon chain is created and merged. The beacon chain is the main ETH2 chain, like the human brain, which is the basis on which ETH2 can operate.
2. 阶段1（预计2022年）：分片链的创建与应用。当信标链与 ETH1 合并完成后，就进入分片链的开发阶段。分片链可以理解为将 ETH2 主链的整块数据按一定规则拆分存放，单独建立新链处理，用来分担主链上的数据压力，目前规划是建立 64 条分片链。
Phase 1 (projected 2022): The creation and application of a segmental chain. When the beacon chain and ETH1 are combined, they enter the development stage of the segmental chain. The segment chain can be understood as the separation of the whole ETH2 chain data into a system of rules, the creation of a separate new chain for the sharing of data pressures on the main chain, which is currently planned to be 64 segments.
举个例子，从北京到上海，原来的交通工具只有一条公路，所有的车辆都需要在上边运行，就会非常拥挤；现在通过分片技术，多出来高铁、飞机等交通方式，分流的车辆同时到达速度更快，这就是分片链起到的作用。
By way of example, from Beijing to Shanghai, where there was only one road, all vehicles had to operate up there, and they were crowded; now, with the technology of fragments, the traffic of high irons, airplanes, etc., divided vehicles reach faster speeds at the same time, and that is the effect of the segment chain.
分片链与主链交互示意图
Fragmentation chain and main chain interactive map
3. 阶段2（预计2023年）：整个网络功能的融合。到了此阶段，整个系统的功能全面开始融合，分片链的功能会更加强大，新的处理机制开始支持账户、智能合约、开发工具的创建，新的生态应用等。
3. Phase 2 (expected 2023): Integration of the entire network function. At this stage, the system's functionality will be fully integrated, the fragmentation chain will be stronger, and the new processing mechanisms will support the creation of accounts, smart contracts, tools for development, new ecological applications, etc.
此阶段是以太坊网络的最终形态，网络性能得到全面提升，生态应用全面爆发。但要服务全人类，ETH2 每秒 1000 次的交易效率显然还是远远不够，以太坊也会为它的目标持续优化下去。
This phase is the final shape of the Taiwan network, which has been fully enhanced, and the ecological applications have erupted. To serve all of humanity, the efficiency of the ETH2 transaction, 1,000 times a second, is clearly still far from sufficient, and the TERRORISM will continue to optimize its objectives.
ETH2对于大家有什么影响？
What's the impact of ETH2 on everyone?
1. 对于以太坊生态开发者。ETH2 在部署应用的时候，是需要选择应用在哪条分片网络进行部署，造成这种差异的原因是跨分片通信不同步，这就意味着开发者需要根据自己发展计划做不同的组合。
1. For Etherpant eco-developers, when deploying applications, ETH2 is the choice of the branch network to be used for deployment. This difference is due to the fact that communications are not synchronized across sections, which means that developers need to make different combinations according to their own development plans.
2. 对与 ETH 持币者。ETH2 与 ETH1 数据完全同步，代币也不会有任何变化，你可以继续使用现在的钱包地址继续持有 ETH。
2. For ETH holders, the ETH2 data is fully synchronized with the ETH1 data, and there is no change in the token, so you can continue holding the ETH using the current wallet address.
3. 对于矿工。虽然 PoW 与 PoS 还会并行一段时间，可以预计的 PoW 矿机的产出会越来越少，应该开始减少 PoW 矿机的投资，开始转向 PoS 机制。
3. For miners. Although PoW and PoS will be in parallel for some time, the expected output of the PoW miner will be less and less, the investment in the PoW miner should begin to decrease and shift to the PoS mechanism.
4. 对于用户。ETH2 速度更快，交易手续费更低，网络体验会非常好，唯一值得注意的是，由于 Dapp 部署在不同的分片网络上，可能需要手动选择应用的网络选项。
4. For users. ETH2 is faster, transaction fees are lower, network experience will be very good, and the only notable thing is that since Dapp is deployed on different sub-networks, the network options for application may need to be manually selected.
ETH是否值得投资？
ETH 是除了 BTC 以外市场的风向标，明确了解 ETH2 非常有助于我们理解其他区块链项目，理解二级市场。
ETH is a wind sign for markets other than BTC, and a clear understanding of ETH2 is very helpful to us in understanding other block chain projects and in understanding secondary markets.
简单总结几个点吧：
Simply sum up a few points:
1. 通过以太坊的项目分析，我们可以清晰地看到：在比特币之后，以太坊项目的发展史就是目前区块链应用生态的发展史。无论 DEFI 生态，NFT 生态，DAO 生态还是代币、合约、协议生态，其实在以太坊发布白皮书时已有预见，后来出现的项目，都是围绕以太坊做验证。
1. From the Etherm project analysis, we can see clearly that after Bitcoin, the history of the Etherm project is the history of the ecological application of the current block chain. Whether DEFI ecology, NFT ecology, DAO ecology or token, contract, protocol ecology, as foreseen when Ether published the White Paper, subsequent projects were tested around Ether.
2. 以太坊的联合创始人里，只有 V 神还在为以太坊事业做贡献，但这并不影响以以太坊繁荣发展。以太坊初始团队只是创建了它，后续的发展是社区、开发者、矿工与用户共同建立的结果，现在的以太坊早已不是某一个人的思维，它是所有以太坊生态参与者共同的结晶，它属于全人类。
Of the co-founders of the Etherms, only V God is still contributing to the Etherm cause, but that does not affect the development of the Etherms. The Etherms’ original team was created only as a result of the creation of communities, developers, miners and users. The Etherms are no longer the thinking of a single individual, they are the product of all the Etherm ecological players, and they belong to all of humanity.
3. 以太坊在过去的几年一直沿着既定的开发轨迹发展，虽然中途一度出现过危机，以太坊“被死亡”了好几百次，以太坊还是顽强的发展下来，并且拥有了繁荣生态。ETH2 还要两三年时间才能落地，中间也充满变数，比如其他的公链抢占先机，但可以预见，ETH2 后的以太坊会更加健壮。
The Etherms have been following the established development trajectory for the past few years, and although there has been a crisis, the Etherms have been “dead” hundreds of times, the Etherms have developed tenaciously, and have a prosperous ecology. The Etherm2 is two or three years away, and there are variables in the middle, such as other public chain grabs, but it can be expected that the Etherm after Etherm2 will be stronger.
4. 不要在抱有任何 BTC 会死亡，区块链行业会消失这样的伪命题。BTC、ETH 让我们看到了突破原有公司组织架构，一种全新无组织架构的商业模式存在，这种商业模式显然更符合这个时代的发展需求，无论项目地发起团队在不在，无论各国政府如何打压，只要技术对人类有贡献，就会由人员自发组织维护，区块链技术是革命。
4. Do not have any false claims that the BTC will die, and that the sector of the block chain will disappear. BTC, ETH, shows us a new and unorganised business model that is clearly more in line with the development needs of this age, whether or not the project launch team is in place, regardless of how governments press on it, as long as technology contributes to humanity, it is self-organized by people, and the block chain technology is a revolution.
5. ETH2 的上线，短期看 PoW 奖励与 PoS 奖励并行，可能会让 ETH 总通胀率短期内飙升，长期看 ETH 通胀率始终保持平衡。加上 ETH 本身的生态与应用场景，ETH是值得投资的，目前看不到有其他公链代替以太坊公链的可能性，ETH2 的上线，甚至会对其他公链造成“虹吸效应”，万链归一。
#比特币[超话]# #数字货币#
Bitcoin
ETH 2.0 降低的成本和更高的速度将使更多类型的 Defi 交易成为可能，并为新的和不同类型的安全令牌、NFT 和其他分布式金融应用程序提供机会，这些应用程序在 ETH 1.0 中没有经济意义。
ETH 2.0 还将允许使用零知识汇总和乐观汇总的更复杂和更便宜的智能合约。通过汇总，所有交易数据都以比使用常规基于区块链的交易更便宜的方式捆绑并在以太坊上可用。汇总所需的计算负载是在链下完成的，进一步提高了吞吐量和交易成本效率。
分片将使网络民主化，最终使普通用户能够在个人设备上操作以太坊。越来越多的网络参与者将进一步分散区块链。ETH 的发行量也会减少；ETH 联合创始人 Vitalik Buterin 曾表示，在 ETH 2.0 下，新代币的发行量应在每年 10 万至 200 万之间，低于目前的每年 470 万，这可能会增加硬币需求。
总结：
ETH 2.0 升级将使这个有益的全球去中心化智能合约系统能够以其速度、安全性和可靠性的愿景向前发展，减少其碳足迹，并为投资者提供公平的竞争环境，通过赌注他们对 ETH 的未来拥有民主发言权以太坊。以太坊 2.0 是对已经最广泛用于智能合约的区块链网络的必要升级。随着加密货币、智能合约 Dapp 和 NFT 的接受度不断增长，以太坊 2.0 网络的可扩展性无疑将吸引更多用户，使其成为首选服务。
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