区块链技术及开发汇总十篇

一、引言

Introduction

基于区块链技术的诸多优势，近些年其被广泛运用于金融领域中，实现了相关金融应用场景的可编程。由于技术及诸多因素的限制，现阶段我国的区块链金融发展仍处于探索时期，未能将其真正效应发挥出来，且由于资源消耗管控、隐私安全保护、法律法规建设等方面的不健全化，目前我国区块链金融面临着严重的生存挑战，其改革需求是迫切的。本文将基于此展开初步探讨，就当前应对区块链金融发展挑战的策略展开初步探索，以供相关人士参考。

Based on the many advantages of block chain technology, which has been widely used in recent years in the financial field, the relevant financial applications have been programmed. Due to technical and numerous constraints, the financial development of the block chain is still under exploration, its real effects have not been realized, and because of the inadequacy of resource-consumption control, privacy security, and legal and regulatory developments, there are serious challenges to the viability of the sector chain and the need to reform it is urgent.

二、区块链的技术原理及特征

II. Technical rationale and characteristics of the block chain

可以将区块链视为“区块”与“链”的组合，区块是区块链的基本单元构成结构。各区块都拥有相应时间标签，且各项交易信息均在加密技术保护中，被全部存放在区块内，呈现出高度可信性，难以进行篡改。其技术特征可由如下四点来谈：一是去中心化。区块链所执行的是分布式储存与计算，所有具备维护功能的节点需要共同维护链上数据，即使部分节点损坏，也能从其他节点得到完备的数据拷贝。在单个或多个节点被一同攻击时，系统安全性与稳定性也难以受到影响。二是数据不可篡改。这是其能被运用于金融领域的一大关键因素。在信息内容经过验证后，数据信息一旦被上传至链上各区块中，便将长期被保存，难以私自篡改。一般来说，除非系统中半数以上的节点被同时攻破，否则修改单个或多个节点都不会影响数据库中的信息真实性。三是去信任化。区块链上各节点间的交易是由系统强制执行的，当节点交易能够通过一定规范与协议时，触发交易条件后将自动执行交易，且人为无法干预。这就使得交易双方可以在不具备相互信任条件下也能完成交易。且该系统中除去加密信息外，各项信息都具备高度公开性与透明性，所有人可通过相关接口查询链上数据信息，因而进一步降低了信任成本，保障交易可靠性。四是匿名性。各节点能够在不具备信任条件的前提下展开交易，这也意味着交易双方不必再借助公开身份来获取对方信任，仅需提供所需的交易信息即可，因而有效保护了双方的隐私信息。

The technical features of the blocks can be described as a combination of “blocks” and “chains.” The blocks are distributed storage and computing. All the nodes with maintenance functions require joint maintenance of the chain and, even if some of the nodes are damaged, complete data copies of the nodes can be obtained from the other nodes. When individual or multiple nodes are attacked together, the system’s security and stability can hardly be affected.

三、区块链金融面临的问题分析

III. Analysis of the problems facing block chain finance

1.技术层面的问题目前，由技术水平过低而造成的区块链金融发展问题仍十分严峻，51%攻击以及智能合约安全等问题尚未得到完善解决，且部分金融应用场景常存在安全与性能方面的缺陷，技术水平的低下使得各项应用需求未得到充分满足。首先，其在性能及效率方面的欠缺明显。目前，区块链主要采取分布式记账法，每发生一次交易内部各节点都需展开一次数据记录，数据信息真实性与安全性得到了有效保障，但效率十分低下。当金融业务需求激增时，系统处理量将大幅提升，此时区块链技术系统的性能及效率欠缺将更加突出。就比特币、以太坊而言，相关研究数据显示，前者每秒能完成的交易处理量仅为7笔，后者能达到7～15笔的数量，但与传统金融每秒交易处理量相比，差距甚远。效率的低下是影响区块链技术发展的一大关键因素。此外，智能合约的出现诱发了一系列的新金融风险，使得区块链系统的修改条件完全丧失。但若设计初期技术人员对相关金融业务的理解存在片面性，产生逻辑失误，或是难以正确把握可能存在的问题，因而产生一些设计疏漏，后续将诱发大量交易错误。如上文所述，区块链具备不可篡改特征，因而难以及时控制损失，将导致金融业务流通受阻，影响系统稳定性。2.资源消耗问题目前，以比特币等区块链技术为例，其在生产运行过程中产生新区块时，需要耗费大量算力。相关研究报道表明，截至2021年年中，全球比特币挖矿所耗费的电量已临近150太瓦时，甚至高出乌克兰等国家的耗电量，不得不引起人们的反省。除去大量电能消耗外，挖矿过程中将导致二氧化碳加剧排放。相关统计数据称，因比特币挖矿而产生大量的二氧化碳排放量惊人，仅2020年间便已达到近7000万吨。根据中国科学院及清华大学相关团队的研究报道估算，我国矿池占全球算力近八成，不考虑政策干预条件的情况下，我国在比特币区块链上产生的碳排放大约会在2024年达到1.305亿公吨之多，甚至高出捷克、卡塔尔等国的年度温室气体排放量。以巨量能源消耗来生产虚拟币，并不契合于我国的战略发展目标，违背了绿色环保的根本发展理念。现阶段，我国各部门对于该类型环保事件的整顿力度越来越大，国务院金融委于2021年5月21日首次就比特币事件公开表态，提出严肃打击比特币挖矿与交易行为。3.存在资产安全问题发展区块链金融，需要认识到金融领域的特殊性，以安全为第一管理要务。由于区块链技术的去中心化特性，用户必须通过公开地址、密匙来获取资产所有权。且区块链具备不可篡改的特征，这也意味着若密匙丢失，资产也将因此而全部损失，造成极为严重的后果。就目前来看，此类事故频发，数字货币运行中时常产生盗币问题。如：韩国的比特币交易所“Yapizon”在2017年3月被盗，丢失近四千枚比特币，平台损失了总资产的37%，次年6月“Coinrail”及“Bithumb”两个交易所的热钱包被攻击，损失分别达4000万、3100万美元；日本交易所“Zaif”在2018年遭黑客攻击，被盗资产约达到4.3亿元人民币。诸如此类案例的出现为人们进一步敲响了警钟，也使得区块链技术中存在的安全隐患暴露无遗。4.数据隐私及安全一是区块链金融的发展加大了反洗钱等方面的监管难度，此类金融交易具备高度隐秘性，在身份隐蔽的情况下也可完成交易，也就是说只要符合区块链规则便可借助加密算法完成交易。这在一定意义上保障了用户的隐私安全，也使得货币流通速度有效加快。然而，反洗钱、反恐怖融资监管工作将受到严重限制。二是数据安全风险加剧。区块链中的任一节点都有着对全部交易数据的记载，当不法分子攻破某一节点后，全部交易信息便暴露无遗，反而造成了更大的安全隐患。充分结合金融领域的特殊性，分析相关政策规定，应当以保障数据隐私安全、保护用户合法权益为第一原则，但在账本共享基础上，达成对数据交互全流程安全及隐私的有力保护，显得过于吃力，这是目前最为突出的问题之一。三是数据储存安全条件不健全。在区块链技术的不断发展中，其被广泛运用于金融领域，借助该技术所收集的数据量持续剧增，以何种情况落实好海量数据储存、由谁承担主体储存责任、由谁承担监管责任、以何种手段保障数据安全70仍是极为紧迫的发展问题。5.相关制度及法律规章不健全现阶段，区块链应用阶段尚不具备相对统一的标准。我国现行区块链技术平台繁杂，缺乏统一标准，且不具备数据迁移、链链对接的功能，严重影响到区块链金融业态的兼容性及扩展性。分析此类问题，应当发展区块链金融的过程中，制定出更为健全规范的金融标准。现阶段区块链金融领域的技术标准、管理条例、评价标准及监管准则均缺乏规范性、统一性及明确性，给其应用效率造成了严重的抑制。此外，我国有关区块链金融领域的监管机制不健全，缺乏权威监督机构，因而致使市场上的区块链应用质量良莠不齐；未针对相关合约的法律效力予以界定。如：有关区块链资产、智能合约的有效性，尚未进行明确的法律规定，如若产生纠纷，将无法得到法律救济；在区块链金融的发展下，现有金融监督政策存在明显的片面性。随着区块链技术在金融领域中的运用，金融业务逐步实现了跨界融合，其风险隐蔽性与复杂性更为突出，原有的金融监管机制也难以达到全面覆盖，由此造成了严重的监管缺失。

1. At present, the problem at the technical level is very serious, the financial development of the block chain, caused by the low level of technology, has not yet been fully addressed, with 51 per cent of attacks on financial operations and the security of smart contracts, and some of the financial applications often suffer from deficiencies in safety and performance, and the low level of technology has resulted in insufficient demand for applications. First, the lack of performance and efficiency is evident. At present, the block chain is mainly based on a distributed accounting system, with data records for each trading node that is effectively recorded and data and security that is effectively safeguarded, but very inefficient. At a time when the demand for financial operations has surged, the system's treatment will increase significantly, and the technology gap in the technology of the network will be exacerbated by the lack of productivity and efficiency of the technology system in some parts of the country.

四、规范区块链金融领域发展的路径探索

IV. Exploring paths to regulate the development of the block chain in the area of finance

1.从业机构领域在区块链金融的逐步发展中，为进一步提升其发展效益，需推进从业机构的优化建设。一方面，需继续加强在区块链底层技术方面的研究，依据现有技术基础，结合自身发展定位，由目前发展过程中所遇到的限制性因素入手逐一展开突破，保障技术可靠性，进而有效提升风险抵御能力；另一方面，需注重应用场所的适宜性，确保能够满足该金融场景对区块链技术安全性、功能及性能的要求。需注意的是，并非全部金融业务都可运用区块链，应当依据实际业务特点选取适宜应用场景，应坚决杜绝盲目运用区块链的问题，确保将区块链引入金融领域后，能够相互适应。2.政府部门监管领域就政府部门监管领域而言，首先需进一步完善有关区块链金融监管业务的相关政策与标准，在应用及发展区块链技术的同时，谨防技术滥用，保障区块链金融的健康性、安全性与稳定性。另外，需以合理、有效及适度为第一准则，提升监管机构的工作规范性与合理性。需理性看待其创新及应用，意识到应用区块链技术并非改变了金融业务属性，应能够运用区块链技术来提升金融服务质量与效率，不得任其肆意妄为，也不得采取“一刀切”政策。实际监管工作中需强调监管的灵活性，并避免创新失控、过度投资等问题。3.国家政策领域就国家政策领域而言，应当给予区块链底层技术研发与落实更高的扶持力度，做好知识产权保护，并打造出以区块链金融为核心的金融科技产业链，建设新的金融生态体系。首先，需对该技术的创新型发展给予大力扶持，集中精力培养出一批技术先进、应用范围广的龙头企业，并保障该类区块链金融企业对金融规律的熟悉度；其次，需给予相关科技企业更高培育支持力度，借助开设产业园区、拓宽融资渠道以及各项优化政策的出台来为其提供更为温润的发展环境，培育出一批拥有高创新力、高专业水平及优良发展潜力的小微企业；最后，需落实好人才培养工作，委托高校培养一批区块链金融领域的优秀复合型人才，为社会输送更多专业人才。

On the one hand, research needs to be continued on technologies at the bottom of the chain, based on the existing technological base and based on the constraints encountered in the current process of development, so as to ensure technological reliability and thus increase risk resilience effectively; on the other hand, there is a need to focus on the suitability of the application sites to ensure that the financial landscape meets the requirements for technological safety, functionality and performance of the sector. First, attention needs to be given to the need to ensure that not all financial operations apply the technological safety, technological efficiency of the sector; on the other hand, not all financial operations apply the technological infrastructure; on the other hand, there is a need to continue research on technologies at the bottom of the chain; on the other hand, there is a need to identify suitable applications of technologies based on the operational characteristics of the sector; on the other hand, there is a need to eliminate the problem of blind use of the technological infrastructure; on the other hand, there is a need to ensure mutual adaptation of the financial infrastructure into the financial sector; on the other hand, there is a need to further improve the policies and standards of financial regulation of the sector; on the use of technological efficiency of the new sectors; and the need to prevent technological misuse; on the development of the development of the technological infrastructure; on the development chain; on the latter the latter also to prevent the health; on the development of technology; and the development of the development of the development of the development of the development of the infrastructure; on the infrastructure; and the development of the development of the development of the development of the development of technological infrastructure; and the development of the development of the infrastructure; on the infrastructure; and the infrastructure of the infrastructure; and the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure; and the infrastructure; and the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure; and the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure; and the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure; and the infrastructure; and the infrastructure; and the infrastructure; and the infrastructure; and the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure; and the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure; and the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure; the infrastructure; and the infrastructure; and the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the infrastructure of the

五、结语

V. CONCLUSION

综上所述，在区块链金融的逐步发展中，金融领域的脆弱性及信任基础薄弱性得到了有效改善，但目前其技术尚不完善，仍处于发展及成熟过程中，尚面临着严峻的发展挑战。基于此，应当进一步推进区块链技术的发展，提升综合治理能力，切实优化产业生态环境，促使区块链技术更规范、更安全地应用于金融领域。本文主要就区块链金融现阶段所面临的发展困境展开了初步分析，并由多方面提出了几点改进建议，以供相关人士参考。

On the basis of the above, the vulnerability of the financial sector and the weak base of trust have been effectively improved in the context of the progressive development of block-chain finance, but its technology is not yet perfect and is still developing and mature, and it is still facing serious development challenges. In this context, further progress should be made in the development of block-chain technology, the upgrading of capacity for integrated governance, the effective optimization of the industrial environment, and the more regulated and safer application of block-chain technology to the financial sector.

参考文献

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狭义上的区块链技术是基于密码学中椭圆曲线数字签名算法（ECDSA）实现去中心化的数据库技术，将区块以链的方式组合在一起形成数据结构，以参与者共识为基础存储有先后关系的、能在系统内验证的数据。广义的区块链技术则是利用加密链式区块结构来验证与存储数据、利用分布式节点共识算法来生成和更新数据、利用自动化脚本代码（智能合约）来编程和操作数据的一种全新的去中心化基础架构与分布式计算范式（Kavanagh D，2015）。区块链的概念首次由Satoshi Nakamoto（2009）在论文《比特币：一种点对点的电子现金系统》中提出。O’Dwyer（2014）提出应用区块链技术来保护敏感数据、个人隐私等。Kishigami J（2015）等提出将区块链应用到数字内容版权的保护上，改变传统的CAS和DRM模式。R.Dennis（2015）提出了一种基于区块链的声誉系统。国内对区块链技术研究刚刚起步，相关著作较少。从实际应用来看，除个别应用开始小范围推广外，绝大部分运用仍未走出实验室。

The narrow block chain technology is based on a new decentralized database technology based on the cryptographic elliptical digital signature algorithm (EDCSA), which combines blocks into a data structure in a chain-based way, storing sequentially validated data based on the consensus of the participants. The broad block chain technology is the use of an encrypted chain block structure to validate and store data, the use of distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, the use of automated script code (intellectual contract) programming and operation data (Kavanagh D, 2015). For the first time, the concept of a block chain was proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto (2009) in Bitcoin: a point-to-point electronic cash system. O'Dwyer (2014) proposes the application of block chain technology to protect sensitive data, personal privacy, etc. Kishigami J (2015) proposes to apply to digital copyright protection and change the traditional CAS and DRM model.

区块链技术具有去中心化、分布式账单、可靠安全以及透明公开等特点，使其在数字加密货币、金融和社会系统中有广泛的应用前景，给金融机构带来巨大的潜力和价值。多国央行、国际金融巨头、交易所及IT行业巨头纷纷涌入区块链领域，其投资规模呈现爆发式增长。在经济金融全球化时代，加强区块链技术在金融领域的应用问题研究，对探索我国金融业务创新与发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。

In an era of economic and financial globalization, the strengthening of the application of block-chain technologies in the financial field is an important theoretical and practical tool for exploring innovation and development of our financial operations.

二、国内外区块链技术研发与应用前景

II. PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY IN AND OUT OF THE REGULAR LEVEL

区块链作为拥有巨大应用潜力的新技术，必将给全球金融业带来革命性的变革。如何在金融业务创新发展中发挥用武之地，全球金融界正以各种形式开展一系列探索（见表1、表2）。

Block chains, as new technologies with enormous application potential, are bound to revolutionize the global financial sector. How to play a role in innovative development of financial operations, the global financial community is engaged in a series of explorations in various forms (see tables 1, 2).

三、区块链技术对金融业务创新的主要潜在影响

III. The main potential impact of block chain technology on innovation in financial operations

（一）冲击现有支付机构的平台功能，改变支付体系和架构

(i) Impacting the platform function of existing payment institutions and changing payment systems and structures

区块链技术具有灵活的架构，可能重塑信用形成机制，尤其是区块链的去中心化机制，即第三方支付的资金监管功能可由“智能合约”自动替代，将冲击第三方支付的根基，在保证信息安全的同时有效提升系统的运营效率和降低成本，大大提高资金利用率（侯本旗和赵飞，2015）。区块链会使第三方支付逐步被边缘化，目前已涌现了Ripple和Circle等多种支付清算类应用，特别是像R3CEV联盟机构，冲击现有机构如支付宝的平台功能，并将可能改变现有金融体系中的交易、清算和结算流程（见图1）。据麦肯锡预测，如在全球范围内应用区块链技术开展B2B跨境支付与结算业务，则其每笔交易成本可将从约26美元降至15美元。

Block chain technology has a flexible structure that may reshape credit formation mechanisms, in particular the decentralized mechanism of the block chain, whereby third-party payment control functions can be automatically replaced by “intelligent contracts”, which can hit the foundation of third-party payments, effectively enhance the operational efficiency and reduce the cost of systems while ensuring information security, and significantly increase the utilization of funds (Hoxun and Zhao Fei, 2015). The block chain will gradually marginalize third-party payments and now has multiple payment-related liquidation applications, such as Ripple and Circle, in particular R3CEV Union institutions, impacting the platform functions of existing institutions, such as payment of treasures, and will potentially alter the transaction, liquidation and settlement processes in the existing financial system (see figure 1). McKenzie predicts that if B2B cross-border payments and settlement operations are implemented with the application of block chain technology on a global scale, the cost of each transaction can be reduced from approximately $26 to $15.

（二）数据信息不可篡改，弥补现有金融服务功能的不足

(ii) Data information cannot be tampered with to compensate for deficiencies in the functionality of existing financial services

区块链系统通过公钥和私钥的加密、解密对交易进行处理，交易的主体及交易内容都被记录在区块链上，任何交易都可被追踪和查询，数据信息不可篡改，具有更强的公信力。借鉴区块链和加密技术，核查外部数据源、确认满足特定触发条件后激活并执行合约，促进不同系统间的协调，提升数据交换效率（见图2）。2015年末，纳斯达克首次利用区块链技术完成和记录了一项私人证券交易，从股权交易市场标准结算时间的3天，区块链技术的应用将交易时间从股权交易市场标准时间3天缩短至10分钟、结算风险降低99%，从而有效降低资金成本和系统性风险。

Block chain systems handle transactions through encryption and decryption of public and private keys, the subject and the contents of the transaction are recorded on the block chain, and any transaction is traceable and searchable, data information cannot be tampered with and is more credible. Drawing on block chains and encryption techniques, external data sources are verified, specific trigger conditions are confirmed, contracts are activated and enforced, coordination between different systems is promoted, and data exchange efficiency is enhanced (see figure 2). In late 2015, NASDAQ completed and recorded for the first time a private securities transaction using block chain technology, three days from the standard settlement time in the stock exchange market, application of block chain technology reduced transaction time from 3 days to 10 minutes, settlement risk was reduced by 99 per cent, thereby effectively reducing the financial costs and systemic risks.

（三）优化共识机制，提高系统的安全性和私密性

(iii) Optimization of consensus mechanisms to enhance system security and privacy

高安全性的智能合约可编程，实现主动或被动的处理数据，接受、储存和发送价值，以及控制和管理各类链上智能资产等功能，即区块链使用散列算法加时间戳（Timestamping），既可保证交易信息的真实性、独立性和保密性，又为交易提供时间上的证明。如供应链金融借助区块链技术的“智能合约”功能自动进行支付，大大降低人工成本并减少因人工交易造成失误的可能性，极大提高交易效率和安全性。据麦肯锡测算，从全球范围来看，在供应链金融业务中广泛开展区块链技术应用，可使银行一年风险成本缩减11―16亿美元。

High-security smart contracts can be programmed to achieve either active or passive processing of data, acceptance, storage and transmission of value, as well as functions such as control and management of smart assets in various chains, i.e. block chains using hash algorithms plus time stamping, both to guarantee the authenticity, independence and confidentiality of transaction information and to provide proof of time for transactions. Automatic payments in supply chain finance using the “smart contract” function of block chain technology can significantly reduce labour costs and reduce the likelihood of errors due to manual transactions, leading to significant efficiency and security gains. McKinsey calculates that, globally, the widespread application of block chain technology in supply chain finance operations can reduce banks' risk costs by $1.1 to $1.6 billion a year.

（四）大幅改变信用风险管理模式，具有广泛金融业务创新的潜力

(iv) Significant changes in credit risk management models with the potential to innovate in a wide range of financial operations

区块链技术是使用全新的加密认证技术和去中心化的机制，通过新的信用创造方式，大幅改变信用风险管理模式，降低交易风险与成本，实现金融资源优化配置。从技术特性来看，区块链与传统数据库既有紧密的联系又存在显著差异（见表3），为涉及数据库应用的行业发展提供了新的技术选择，两者的有机结合必将产生强大的融合效应，形成全新的发展模式，在主数据管理、复杂资产交易管理等领域具有广泛开发的潜力。

Block chain technology, which uses new encryption authentication techniques and decentralised mechanisms, significantly alters credit risk management models, reduces transaction risks and costs, and optimizes the allocation of financial resources through new credit creation. In terms of technical characteristics, block chains have both strong links and significant differences with traditional databases (see table 3), providing new technological options for industry development involving database applications, and the organic integration of the two is bound to have a strong integration effect, leading to a new development model with extensive potential in such areas as master data management and complex asset transactions management.

（五）降低金融监管的难度与成本，规范市场行为与秩序

(v) Reducing the difficulty and cost of financial regulation and regulating market behaviour and order

区块链的分布式系统具有透明、公开、不可篡改等特性，可做到实时平账，避免事后审计，降低企业成本，降低结算与支付的出错率，实时监控每一笔资金的流入流出情况，适用于合规、审计和风控领域，从而为审计和监管单位提供数据透明性。银行业基于区块链技术可监测分析、识别异常交易，及时发现并能有效防止欺诈、洗钱等犯罪行为。近?啄昀矗?世界各国商业银行和金融公司为应对日趋严格的金融监管要求，不断加大人力和物力的投入。根据高盛测算，区块链可以驱动全行业因减少人力开支和反洗钱监管罚款而实现30―50亿美元的成本节约（见表4）。

The block chain distribution system is transparent, open, non-manufactured, etc., allowing real-time reconciliation, avoidance of ex post audits, reduction of enterprise costs, reduction of settlement and payment error rates, real-time monitoring of the flow of each sum of money, applicable to the areas of compliance, auditing and wind control, thus providing transparency of data for audit and regulatory units. The banking sector is based on block-chain technology to monitor, analyse, identify unusual transactions, detect and effectively prevent crimes such as fraud and money-laundering in a timely manner.

四、我国区块链金融业务创新所面临的困难与挑战

IV. Difficulties and challenges in innovative financial operations in our block chains

（一）相关法律法规建设相对滞后

(i) Relative delays in the development of relevant laws and regulations

一是区块链的去中心化机制，冲击了现行的国家监管体制，对现有业务监管体系形成挑战。将该技术整合至银行现有制度的成本较高，当数据规模增大时，低效的查询和挖掘分析将使其数据透明性的优势形同虚设，链状的数据结构和大量内容的直接记录将使得拥有反洗钱职能的监管机构也无法在可接受的时间内完成对数据的解读。二是区块链相关的制度规范、法律法规建设相对滞后，导致市场主体相关活动风险无形中被放大。如智能合约涉及的法律责任界定不明确。智能合约利用计算机代码在合约方之间阐述、验证和执行合同，是用代码来表述，而典型合同是用自然语言起草。当智能合约执行和典型合同之间出现相应纠纷时，涉及法律责任界定就不明确。同时，成熟资本市场和传统交易所，任何一个金融创新产品上线都有业务所有权人（owner），而智能合约一旦有漏洞，归属智能合约开发者负责还是由运行智能合约的平台来负责，难以界定。

The first is the decentralization of the block chain, which affects the existing national regulatory system and challenges the existing business regulatory system. The cost of integrating the technology into the existing banking system is high. When the size of the data increases, inefficient search and excavation analysis will make their data transparent advantages redundant, and the direct recording of chain data structures and large amounts of content will make it impossible for regulators with anti-money-laundering functions to interpret the data within an acceptable time frame. The second is the relative delay in the development of institutional norms, laws and regulations related to the block chain, leading to an increase in the intangible risk associated with market-related activities.

（二）绝大部分运用仍未走出实验室，建立完善的区块链应用仍面临众多技术挑战

(ii) The vast majority of applications remain outside the laboratory, and the establishment of well-established block chain applications continues to face numerous technical challenges

从区块链实践进展来看，大部分仍处于构想与测试进程中，要获得市场和监管部门的认可还面临不少的困难。一是大规模交易与区块链膨胀处置能力问题。由于区块链采用分布式的存储方式，占用存储的巨大空间，且去中心化的确认机制，交易时间延迟较长，导致在实际应用中交易量低、对存储空间膨胀的抗压能力差。二是智能合约的循环执行与灵活性差。智能合约具有自我循环执行特性，与高频交易类似，导致显著放大价格波动；且区块链数据信息一旦写入，不可篡改，交易后无法退回，灵活性较差，需事先设置例外追索机制。三是竞争性技术挑战。如在通信领域应用区块链技术，信息传递的安全性会大大增强。量子技术也可做到，量子通信――利用量子纠缠效应进行信息传递，同样具有高效安全的特点，近年来更是取得了不小的进展，很可能与区块链技术形成竞争态势。

Much of this is still in the process of conceptualization and testing, and there are difficulties in obtaining the approval of markets and regulators. First, large-scale trading and block chain expansion disposal problems. Because of the distributional storage of block chains, the use of large storage space and decentralized confirmation mechanisms, the length of transactions is long, leading to a low volume of transactions in practical applications and a poor resilience to the expansion of storage space. Second, the circular implementation and flexibility of smart contracts. Smart contracts have self-cycle enforcement characteristics, similar to high-frequency transactions, leading to a significant increase in price volatility; and, once they are written, unmanageable, transactional and less flexible, they require an exceptional recourse mechanism. Third, there is a competitive technological challenge. For example, the application of block-chain technologies in the area of communications, the safety of information transmission can be greatly enhanced.

（三）区块链技术的监管标准不统一，生态体系较为脆弱

(iii) Unharmonized regulatory standards for block chain technologies and fragile ecosystems

1.区块链缺乏生态体系。目前区块链的各种技术方案五花八门，超级账本、以太坊等大项目也都缺乏统一的技术标准体系，均处于“各自为政、群雄争霸”的状态，甚至与区块链相关的去中心化存储协议管理、网络安全性管理等也均尚未形成较为完善的标准方案，许多项目缺乏可靠的实践数据测试，整个区块链生态体系较为脆弱，仍需进一步健全完善。

The block chain lacks an ecological system. There are currently a wide range of technical options for the block chain. There is also a lack of a uniform system of technical standards for large projects such as superbooks and e-Taiwan, all of which are in a state of “divisionalism and fratricidal domination”, even the management of decentralized storage agreements and network security management associated with the block chain has not yet been developed, many of which lack reliable practical data testing, and the ecological systems of the entire block chain are fragile and need to be further improved.

2.区块链开发技术、监管标准不统一。由花旗银行、瑞士银行等共同组成的R3区块链联盟试图制定适合全球金融业使用的区块链技术领域的统一标准，强化在全球金融业中的领先地位。如2016年5月区块链技术提供商Chain和第一资本、花旗集团等金融机构发布了区块链方面的开放标准，在智能合约框架等方面实现了突破。然而，在全球层面尚缺乏一个统一的技术开发标准，智能合约使用的兼容性等方面将受限制，目前仍缺乏具有可操作性的国际标准促进在区块链上的创新。而我国金融业中针对区块链的标准研究和制订基本还没有真正起步，与国际发展存在较大的差距。

2. Block chain development techniques and regulatory standards are not uniform. The R3 Block Chain Alliance, a consortium of Citibanks, Swiss banks, etc., seeks to develop uniform standards in the area of block chain technology suitable for use in the global financial sector, and to strengthen its leading position in the global financial sector. Financial institutions such as Chain and First Capital, Citigroup, etc., issued open standards on block chains in May 2016.

（四）风险防范机制尚有待于更深入的研究和设计

(iv) Risk prevention mechanisms have yet to be studied and designed in greater depth

1.以天河二号目前的算力来说，产生比特币SHA256哈希算法的一个哈希碰撞大约需要248年，但随着量子等新计算技术和各类反匿名身份甄别技术的快速发展，未来非对称加密算法具有一定的破解可能性，因而需要研究并设计更为安全和有效的共识机制。

1. In terms of the current computing power of the Tien River II, it would take approximately 248 years for a Hash collision to produce the Bitcoin SHA256 Hashi algorithm, but with the rapid development of new computing techniques such as quantum and various types of anti-anonymization screening techniques, future asymmetric encryption algorithms have some potential to decipher and therefore need to be studied and designed for a more secure and effective consensus mechanism.

2. 我国大量在实际中应用的密码学产品都来自欧美国家。区块链技术的核心基础掌握在欧美国家手中，若关乎国家命脉的核心系统构筑在区块链技术之上，则存在着潜在安全风险。如去中心化的运作机制一定程度上削弱了中央政府对金融的控制，有可能危及国家的金融安全。由于区块链的运行节点位于公开网络上，面向所有参与者，传统防范网络攻击的物理隔离策略已不再适用，对网络安全防范也必将提出更高的技术处理要求。如2016年6月DAO遭遇黑客攻击，黑客正常解读DAO智能合约代码，利用其中一个递归调用函数盗取用户资金，累计损失360万个以太币，近6000万美元。

2. A large number of the cryptographic products used in practice in our country come from countries in Europe and the United States. The core foundation of block-chain technology is in the hands of European and American countries, and there are potential security risks if core systems related to the lifeline of the country are built on block-chain technology. Decentralized operating mechanisms, for example, reduce central government control over finance to a certain extent, potentially endangering the financial security of the country. Since the sector-chain operates on an open network and is open to all participants, the traditional strategy of physical isolation against cyberattacks is no longer applicable.

（五）颠覆性替代仍具高成本和局限性

(v) Subversive substitution remains costly and limited

1.颠覆性替代仍具高成本和局限性。区块链技术应用初期，将区块链中的智能合约平台用于现代金融领域，其投入成本与收益之间的关系尚处于未知；区块链去中心化、自我管理、集体维护的特性颠覆了人们目前的生产生活方式，冲击了现行法律安排，且与现有的运行模式、管理模式还有一段摩擦的过程。如区块链网络作为去中心化的分布式系统，其各节点在交互过程中不可避免地会存在相互竞争与合作的博弈关系。

1. Subversive substitution still has high costs and limitations. The relationship between the cost of inputs and the benefits is unknown in the initial application of block-chain technology, which uses smart contract platforms in the block chain for modern finance; the decentralised, self-managed, collective maintenance character of block-chains destabilizes people's current productive lifestyle, undermines existing legal arrangements and has a process of friction with existing operating and management models. For example, the block-chain network as a decentralized distributed system, where nodes inevitably have competitive and cooperative relationships in the interaction process.

2.智能合约代码向所有参与方公开，影响参与方利益。就许多金融交易形式而言，网络中非参与方可能会利用智能合约，在其金融交易中囤积或出售智能资产，进而损害参与方的利益。如何设计激励相容的共识机制，提高系统内非理性行为的成本以抑制安全性攻击和威胁，是区块链有待解决的重要问题。同时，跨界人才匮乏。从全球来看，既懂区块链又懂金融、法律的跨界人才极度匮乏，均制约了新产品的研发和创新（李钧和孔华威，2014）。

2. Smart contract codes are open to all participants, affecting the interests of participants. For many forms of financial transactions, network players may use smart contracts to hoard or sell smart assets in their financial transactions to the detriment of participants. How to design compatible consensus mechanisms that increase the cost of irrational behaviour within the system to contain security attacks and threats is an important issue that needs to be addressed. At the same time, there is a shortage of cross-border talent.

五、政策建议

V. Policy recommendations

（一）加强同业交流合作，积极参与前瞻性创新和国际标准制定

(i) Strengthened peer-to-peer cooperation and active participation in forward-looking innovation and international standard-setting

1.积极参与，制定标准。区块链技术仍属新生事物，需要监管部门牵头，加强金融机构和互联网企业的合作，开展区块链技术在金融领域的应用场景研究，并允许个别技术条件较为成熟的金融企业联合开展实验性应用，做好相关技术研究储备。同时，积极参与国际区块链组织的研究交流和标准规则讨论，力争参与研究制定区块链的行业标准，探索应用场景，制定有利于自身发展的区块链应用标准。

1. Active participation in the development of standards. Block chain technology is still new and requires regulatory leadership, enhanced cooperation between financial institutions and Internet enterprises, research on the application of block chain technology in the financial field, and the possibility for individual financial enterprises with more advanced technological conditions to combine experimental applications and build up a pool of relevant technical research. At the same time, it actively participates in research exchanges and standard rules discussions organized by international block chain organizations, seeking to participate in the development of industry standards for block chains, exploring application scenarios, and developing standards for the application of block chains for their own development.

2.抓住机遇，投资合作。高度关注国际区块链发展与创新动向，及时调整发展战略，力争加入国际区块链系列产品的研究和开发。在?⒓恿?盟制定标准的同时，成立相对独立的区块链创新实验室，如与金融科技公司合作成立研发实验室，重点研究区块链的运用；并可选择与较为成熟的区块链公司强强联手，积极推进金融同业的区块链技术应用交流和合作。

2. Taking advantage of opportunities, investment cooperation. Great attention is paid to international block chain development and innovation, adapting development strategies in a timely manner, and seeking to join the research and development of international block chain series products. In parallel with the development of standards, the Alliance has set up relatively independent block chain innovation laboratories, such as a research and development laboratory in cooperation with the Financial Science and Technology Corporation, focusing on the use of block chain; and it has the option of actively engaging with more mature block chain companies to promote technology exchange and cooperation in the area of financial cooperation.

（二）?c时俱进，改进金融业监管方式与手段

(ii) (c) Up-to-date ways and means of improving the regulation of the financial sector?

一是积极开展区块链技术在金融领域应用的立法研究。应加强新技术与金融创新的相关法律法规的国际交流和研究，制定相关标准规范和操作规范，鼓励商业银行、非银行机构和金融交易所联合开展区块链相关技术合作研究，探索区块链应用场景，制定区块链技术的相关行业标准。二是避免监管过度。监管部门应与时俱进，密切关注行业政策引导与跟进，充分利用区块链金融技术，改进金融业监管方式与手段，规范市场秩序，提高监管的有效性，实现市场各方共存和共赢。

The first is active legislative research on the application of block-chain technologies in the financial field. International exchanges and research on new technologies and financial innovations should be strengthened, standards and operational norms should be developed, commercial banks, non-banking institutions and financial institutions should be encouraged to undertake joint technical cooperation studies on block-chain-related technologies, explore the application of block-chain applications and develop industry-related standards for block-chain technologies. The second is to avoid excessive regulation.

（三）探索和完善区块链技术方案，推进金融业务创新

(iii) Explore and refine the block chain technology programme to advance innovation in financial operations

密切关注并评估区块链技术应用的成熟度、安全性、时效性等，协同开发区块链应用架构，如基于区块链技术探索推动票据、股票等的应用场景模拟实验，提升票据交易和证券交易的安全性和效率。进一步探索和完善各种技术方案、应用场景和商业模式，探索基于区块链技术的金融创新业务应用场景，选择交易关联简洁、业务成熟度高、技术应用提升效果明显的应用场景作为切入点，尽快打造适合我国金融体系特点的区块链技术方案。重点在跨行结算、跨境支付、证券发行和数字票据等方面加强研发，构筑若干通用型的应用服务平台，为金融业务创新提供相应的应用支持。

Pay close attention to and assess the maturity, security, timeliness, etc. of block chain technology applications, in conjunction with the development of block chain application structures such as block chain technology exploration to facilitate scenario simulations of instruments, stocks, etc., to enhance the safety and efficiency of paper and securities transactions. Further exploration and refinement of various technology programmes, application scenarios and business models, exploration of financial innovation business applications based on block chain technology, selection of simple trade linkages, high business maturity, and application scenarios with high efficiency in technology application, as entry points, to develop, as soon as possible, a block chain technology programme tailored to the characteristics of our financial system.

（1）2016年8月10日，北京市金融工作局发布《北京市金融工作局2016年度绩效任务》，其中第八条提到，推动出台中关村互联网金融综合试点方案，推动中关村区块链联盟设立。

(1) On 10 August 2016, the Beijing City Financial Work Bureau issued the Beijing City Financial Work Bureau's Performance Task for 2016, article 8 of which refers to the promotion of a comprehensive pilot programme on Internet finance in China and the establishment of the Central Chinese Village Block Chain Alliance.

（2）2016年12月30日，北京市金融工作局发布《北京市“十三五”时期金融业发展规划》，其中提到将区块链归为互联网金融的一项技术，并鼓励发展该技术。

(2) On 30 December 2016, the Beijing City Financial Work Bureau issued the Beijing “13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of the Financial Sector,” which refers to the classification of block chains as a technology for Internet finance and encourages the development of that technology.

（3）2017年4月6日，中关村科技园区管理委员会印发《中关村国家自主创新示范区促进科技金融深度融合创新发展支持资金管理办法》提到，支持金融科技企业为金融监管机构和金融机构提供服务，开展人工智能、区块链、量化投资、智能金融等前沿技术示范应用，提高金融服务的效率和便利性。按照金融科技企业与金融监管机构或金融机构签署的技术应用合同或采购协议金额的30%给予企业资金支持，单个项目最高支持金额不超过500万元。

(3) On 6 April 2017, the Governing Board of the Science and Technology Park of the Nakamura village issued the Scheme for the Management of Funds to Support the Development of Innovative Developments for the Deep Integration of Science and Technology in the China-Korea National Autonomous Innovation Demonstration Zone, which states that financial science and technology enterprises are to be supported in providing services to financial regulators and financial institutions through demonstration applications of cutting-edge technologies, such as artificial intelligence, block chains, quantitative investment, smart finance, etc., with a view to improving the efficiency and accessibility of financial services. Financial support is provided to enterprises on the basis of 30 per cent of the amount of a technology application contract or procurement agreement signed by a financial and technological enterprise with a financial regulatory agency or financial institution, with a maximum support of up to $5 million for individual projects.

（4）2017年9月29日，北京市金融工作局等八个部门联合发布了《关于构建首都绿色金融体系的实施办法》提到，发展基于区块链的绿色金融信息基础设施，提高绿色金融项目安全保障水平。

(4) On 29 September 2017, eight departments, including the Beijing City Financial Work Bureau, jointly published the Implementation Measures for the Construction of a Green Financial System in the Capital City, which refers to the development of a green financial information infrastructure based on a block chain and the improvement of the level of security for green finance projects.

二、上海地区

II. Shanghai Region

（1）2017年3月7日，上海市宝山区发展和改革委员会印发《宝山区2017年金融服务工作要点》提到，跟踪服务庙行区块链孵化基地建设和淞南上海互联网金融评价中心建设，依托专业团队和市场力量，推动金融科技公司发展成为宝山金融生态系统中的重要组成部分，形成创业投资基金和天使投资人群集聚活跃、科技金融支撑有力、企业投入动力得到充分激发的发展模式。

(1) On 7 March 2017, the Shanghai Po Mountain Development and Reform Commission issued " Elements of Work on Financial Services 2017 in the Bo Mountains ", in which it was stated that following up on the construction of the service temple block hatching base and the establishment of the Shanghai Internet Financial Evaluation Centre, building on professional teams and market forces, would promote the development of financial science and technology companies as an important component of the financial ecosystem in Bosan, creating a development model in which entrepreneurial investment funds and angel investment crowds would be active, science and technology financial support would be strong, and business inputs would be sufficiently motivated.

（2）2017年4月28日，上海市互联网金融行业协会发布国内首个区块链技术应用自律规则，即《互联网金融从业机构区块链技术应用自律规则》，要求区块链技术服务实体经济，注重创新与规范、安全的平衡，明确金融稳定与信息安全的底线，互联网金融从业机构应用区块链技术应当向当地监管部门及行业自律组织进行报备，主动接受行业监管与自律管理，报备信息至少应包括项目名称、责任人、业务模式、业务风险、风控措施等。

(2) On 28 April 2017, the Shanghai Association of Internet Finance Industries issued self-regulation rules for the application of the first block chain technology in the country, namely, the Self-regulation Rules for the Application of the Block Chain Technology in Internet Financial Institutions, which require that the block chain technical service entity economy focus on innovation and regulation, security balance, financial stability and information security, and that Internet finance institutions apply block chain technology to local regulatory authorities and industry self-regulatory organizations, voluntarily subject to industry regulation and self-regulation. Information reporting should include, at a minimum, project names, responsible persons, business models, business risks, wind control measures, etc.

三、广州地区

III. Guangzhou Region

2017年12月8日，广州市黄埔区人民政府办公室、广州开发区管理委员会办公室发布《广州市黄埔区 广州开发区促进区块链产业发展办法》，针对工商注册地、税务征管关系及统计关系在广州市黄埔区、广州开发区及其受托管理和下辖园区范围内，有健全的财务制度、具有独立法人资格、且承诺10年内不迁离注册及办公地址、不改变在该区的纳税义务、不减少注册资本的区块链企业或机构，实行培育奖励、成长奖励、平台奖励、应用奖励、技术奖励、金融支持、活动补贴等激励措施。这是目前国内扶持力度最大的政策措施。

On 8 December 2017, the Office of the People's Government of the Huang Po District of Guangzhou City and the Office of the Guangzhou Development District Management Committee issued the Measures to Promote the Development of the Block Chain Industry in the Guangzhou District of Huang Po District of Guangzhou City Development Area of Guangzhou City, with a sound financial system, independent legal personality and a commitment not to leave the registration and office address for a period of 10 years, incentives to foster incentives, growth incentives, platform incentives, application incentives, technical incentives, financial support, activity subsidies, and so on.

具体政策措施如下：

Specific policy measures are as follows:

培育奖励：

Fostering incentives:

对新设立经认定的区块链企业或机构，实缴注册资本200万元以上的，按实缴注册资本的10%自注册之日起3年内给予培育奖励，每家企业或机构累计最高奖励100万元，并一次性给予30万元技术人才引进补助。对落户本区经认定的区块链领域的行业协会，依法在国家级、省级、市级政府职能部门登记成立的，分别给予每年100万元、60万元、40万元活动经费补贴。上述企业或机构入驻本区认定的区块链创新基地、区块链大厦、区块链产业园，租用办公用房且自用的，自租用办公用房起3年内，每年每家企业给予最高1000平方米且最高60万元的租金补贴；并一次性给予30%的装修费用补贴，最高补贴100万元。

In the case of newly established sector chain enterprises or institutions, which have been established by law at the national, provincial and municipal levels, subsidies of $1 million, $600,000 and $400,000 per year are granted for activities. In the case of enterprises or institutions referred to above, subsidies of up to 1 million yuan per year are granted for activities. In each case, subsidies of up to 1 million yuan and up to 600,000 yuan per year are granted for the rental and self-use of office premises, up to 300,000 yuan per year for the rental of office space, up to a rent subsidy for each enterprise for three years from the rental of office space; and a one-time subsidy of 30 per cent for renovation costs, up to a maximum of 1 million yuan.

成长奖励：

Growth incentives:

对经认定的区块链企业或机构年度营业收入达到200万元以上且同比增长100%以上，每年给予50万元技术人才引进补助。对经认定的区块链企业或机构年度营业收入首次达到500万元、2000万元、1亿元以上的，分别给予50万元、100万元、500万元的奖励，同一企业按差额补足方式最高奖励500万元。对获得国家高新技术企业培育入库、认定的区块链企业或机构，分别给予10万元、30万元奖励（不含上级补助）。对在境内外资本市场上市、新三板挂牌的区块链企业或机构，分别给予500万元、最高200万元奖励（不含上级补助）。

An annual subsidy of 500,000 yuan for technical talent is granted to recognized block-chain enterprises or institutions with annual operating income of more than 2 million yuan and 100 per cent more than the same year. For the first time, the annual operating income of recognized block-chain enterprises or institutions amounts to 5 million yuan, 20 million yuan and more than 100 million yuan, respectively, with incentives of 500,000 yuan, 1 million yuan and 5 million yuan, respectively, and a maximum incentive of 5 million yuan (excluding higher subsidies) for the same enterprise in the form of a margin.

平台奖励：

Platform awards:

对省级以上认定的区块链交易中心、检测中心、数据中心、存储中心等公共平台且取得相关资质的，给予100万元奖励。对获得国家级、省级、市级认定的区块链技术重点实验室、工程（技术）研究中心、企业技术中心、新型研发机构等创新平台，分别给予500万元、300万元、100万元奖励。对获得国家级、省级、市级认定的区块链专业众创空间（孵化器），分别给予100万元、50万元、25万元的奖励，引进5家以上经认定的区块链企业或机构的，按每引进1家给予5万元奖励，每年最高奖励100万元。推进区块链数字经济示范区建设，对经认定的区块链创新基地、区块链大厦、区块链产业园，给予运营管理机构3年运营补贴，每年最高补贴100万元。

One million yuan is awarded to public platforms such as block chain trading centres, testing centres, data centres, storage centres, etc., which have been identified above at the provincial level, and have acquired the relevant qualifications. One million yuan is awarded to innovative platforms such as technical priority laboratories, engineering (technical) research centres, enterprise technology centres, new research and development institutions, which have been identified at the national, provincial and municipal levels.

应用奖励：

Applying incentives:

鼓励以应用需求为导向，加快本区的区块链+应用场景的应用示范，加大财政投入，实施区块链应用示范专项计划，每年重点支持10个区块链应用场景建设，每个应用示范项目最高支持300万元。

Encourage application-driven demonstration of block chains plus application scenarios in the region, with increased financial input, implementation of a demonstration plan for block chain applications, with a focus on 10 block chain application scenarios each year, with a maximum of $3 million per application demonstration project.

技术奖励：

Technical Incentives:

对参与主导编制国际、国家、行业、地方区块链技术及应用标准（规范）列入前3名的企业或机构，分别一次性给予100万元、50万元、30万元、10万元奖励，每年每家企业或机构的国家、行业、地方标准（规范）最高奖励100万元。对获得国家、省、市立项资助的区块链项目及奖励予以配套，分别按照资助或奖励金额的100%、70%、50%给予资金配套支持，最高分别不超过500万元、300万元、100万元。

A one-time incentive of 1 million yuan, 500,000 yuan, 300,000 yuan, 100,000 yuan and a maximum annual reward of 1 million yuan per year for each enterprise, industry, and local standard (norm) for participating in the development of international, national, industrial, and local block chain technology and application standards (regulations) for each of the top three enterprises or institutions. A combination of block chain projects and incentives financed by the State, provincial and municipal entities is provided with financial support of 100 per cent, 70 per cent and 50 per cent, respectively, up to a maximum of 5 million yuan, 3 million yuan and 1 million yuan, respectively.

金融支持：

Financial support:

对区块链企业通过商业银行或融资担保的方式获得的银行贷款，给予贷款利息及担保费用全额补贴，每年每家企业最高补贴金额50万元，补贴期限3年。对首次获得风险投资机构投资的种子期、初创期的区块链企业，按实际获得投资额的10%给予奖励，每家企业最高奖励100万元。

A maximum subsidy of $500,000 per year and a maximum of three years per enterprise is granted to block-chain enterprises that have received bank loans through commercial banks or financing guarantees. A reward of 10 per cent of the actual value of the investment is given to the block-chain enterprises that have received first-time investment from venture capital institutions, up to a maximum of 1 million yuan per enterprise.

活动补贴：对承办国际级、国家级区块链研讨、论坛等高水平交流会议的，经认定备案，最高给予100万元补贴。

Activity subsidy: A maximum subsidy of $1 million is awarded for hosting high-level exchange meetings at the international level, at the national level for block-link seminars, forums, etc.

四、深圳地区

iv. Shenzhen region

（1）2016年11月3日，深圳市人民政府金融发展服务办公室发布《深圳市金融业发展“十三五”规划》提到，支持金融机构加强对区块链、数字货币等新兴技术的研究探索。

(1) On 3 November 2016, the Shenzhen People's Government's Financial Development Services Office issued the “13th Five-Year Plan” for the Development of the Shenzhen Financial Sector, which refers to support for financial institutions in strengthening research and exploration of emerging technologies such as block chains and digital money.

（2）2017年8月17日，深圳市经济贸易和信息化委员会发布《市经贸信息委关于组织实施深圳市战略性新兴产业新一代信息技术信息安全专项2018年扶持计划的通知》提到，针对信息安全产业进行扶持，单个项目资助金额不超过200万元，资助金额不超过项目总投资的30%。

(2) On 17 August 2017, the Committee on Economic Trade and Informatization of Shenzhen City issued a circular on the organization of a special information technology information security support programme for 2018 for the new generation of strategic and emerging industries in Shenzhen City, which states that support for the information security industry shall not exceed 2 million yuan for individual projects and 30 per cent of the total investment in the project.

（3）2017年9月25日，深圳市人民政府印发《深圳市扶持金融业发展若干措施》提到，充分发挥“金融创新奖和金融科技专项奖”的创新激励作用。金融科技（Fintech）专项奖，重点奖励在区块链、数字货币、金融大数据运用等领域的优秀项目，年度奖励额度控制在600万元以内。

(3) On September 25, 2017, the Shenzhen People's Government issued Measures to Support the Development of the Financial Sector in the City of Shenzhen, which refers to the full use of the Financial Innovation Award and the Financial Science and Technology Special Award as incentives for innovation.

五、重庆地区

V. Chongqing District

（1）2017年11月7日，重庆市经济和信息化委员会下发《关于加快区块链产业培育及创新应用的意见》提到，到2020年，力争在重庆全市打造2-5个区块链产业基地，引进和培育区块链国内细分领域龙头企业10家以上、有核心技术或成长型的区块链企业50家以上，引进和培育区块链中高级人才500名以上，将重庆市建成国内重要的区块链产业高地和创新应用基地。

(1) On 7 November 2017, the Chongqing City Economics and Informatization Committee issued an opinion on accelerating the development and innovative application of the block chain industry, stating that by 2020, the city will be building two or five block chain industrial bases in Chongqing, introducing and nurturing more than 10 leading firms with core technology or growth in the area of territorial subdivisions within the country, and more than 50 high-level middle-level talent in the block chain, which will make Chongqing a high-land and innovative application base in the country's important block chain.

（2）2018年3月7日，重庆市人民政府办公厅发布《关于贯彻落实推进供应链创新与应用指导意见任务分工的通知》提到，研究利用区块链、人工智能等新兴技术，建立基于供应链的信用评价机制。

(2) On 7 March 2018, the Chongqing People's Government Office issued a circular on the division of labour to follow up on the implementation of the guidance on innovation and application in the supply chain, which refers to research on the use of emerging technologies such as block chains, artificial intelligence and the establishment of a credit evaluation mechanism based on the supply chain.

六、浙江地区

VI. Zhejiang Region

（1）2016年12月23日，浙江省人民政府办公厅发布《关于推进钱塘江金融港湾建设的若干意见》提到，加强产业和生活配套设施建设。建设疏密有度、错落有致的金融集聚空间，有效集聚各类金融机构、财富管理机构、新金融机构以及金融大数据、云计算、区块链、人工智能、互联网征信等金融科技类企业。

(1) On 23 December 2016, the People's Government Office of Zhejiang Province issued an Opinion on the Advancement of the Construction of the Financial Port of the Changang River Province, which refers to the strengthening of industrial and life support facilities.

（2）2017年5月9日，西湖区人民政府金融工作办公室、西湖区财政局发布《关于打造西溪谷区块链产业园的政策意见（试行）》提到，对区块链企业、人才进行大力扶持。

(2) On 9 May 2017, the Financial Work Office of the People's Government of the West Lakes Region and the West Lakes Fiscal Authority issued a policy opinion (pilot) on the construction of a chain of industrial parks in the West River Valley.

具体政策措施如下：

Specific policy measures are as follows:

企业扶持：

Enterprise support:

1、企业（机构）租用园区内办公用房用于区块链项目的，采用先缴后补方式，按每天每平方米1.5元且每年不超过50万元的标准，给予房租补助，期限3年。

1. The enterprise (institution) rents office space for block-chain projects for a period of three years at a rate of 1.5 yuan per square metre per day and no more than 500,000 yuan per year.

2、国家、省、市区块链行业联盟（联合会）入驻园区并实际运行的，每年给予10万元补助，期限3年。

2. The National, Provincial, and Municipal Block Chain Industry Union (CIF), which is based in the park and is operational, provides an annual subsidy of 100,000 yuan for a period of three years.

3、从事区块链技术及应用的企业（机构）年地方财政贡献达到50万元的，按其地方财政贡献的30%给予项目补助，年地方财政贡献达到300万元的，按其地方财政贡献的50%给予项目补助，年地方财政贡献达到500万元的，按其地方财政贡献的60%给予项目补助。补助期限3年。

3. The annual local financial contribution of enterprises (institutions) engaged in block chain technology and applications amounts to 500,000 yuan, which is granted to projects on the basis of 30 per cent of their local financial contribution, 3 million yuan per year, 50 per cent of their local financial contribution, 5 million yuan per year and 60 per cent of their local financial contribution.

4、鼓励区块链技术研发和应用，对获得市级以上科技奖并在西湖区实施转化的科技成果进行奖励。经认定，按照国家级100万元，省级50万元，市级20万元予以补助。

4. To encourage the development and application of block-chain technologies and to reward the achievements of science and technology that have received prizes at the municipal level and above and that have been converted to the West Lakes region.

5、支持企业与高等院校、科研院所合作，围绕主导产业组建产业技术创新联盟，企业研究院、重点实验室、研发中心。对新认定为国家、省、市级企业研究院、研发中心的，分别给予300万元、100万元、30万元的奖励。

5. Support for enterprises, in cooperation with institutions of higher learning and scientific institutions, in the formation of industrial technological innovation unions, research institutes, priority laboratories, and research and development centres, which are newly recognized as national, provincial, municipal and research and development centres, are awarded 3 million yuan, 1 million yuan and 300,000 yuan, respectively.

6、入驻企业（机构）举办区块链论坛或峰会等活动，经认定，按照国家级、省级、市级类别，分别给予最高不超过50万元、30万元、10万元的补助。

6. Activities such as block-chain forums or summits organized by resident enterprises (institutions) are determined to provide grants of up to 500,000 yuan, 300,000 yuan and 100,000 yuan, respectively, in accordance with the national, provincial and municipal categories.

人才扶持：

Talent support:

1、对从事区块链技术及应用企业（机构）的高级管理人才、技术人才，按其工资薪金所得形成的地方财政贡献，给予100%的生活补助，期限3年。

1. 100 per cent of the living allowance for senior management and technical personnel working in block-chain technology and applied enterprises (institutions) for a period of three years, in the form of local financial contributions based on their salary.

七、江苏地区

vii. Jiangsu Region

（1）2017年2月2日，南京市人民政府办公厅发布《“十三五”智慧南京发展规划的通知》提到，重点培育物联网、云计算、大数据、人工智能、区块链等新兴产业，人工智能、生物识别、区块链等一批新技术形成突破并实际应用，推进南京市云计算、大数据、互联网、物联网、人工智能、区块链等技术发展。

(1) On 2 February 2017, the Nanjing People's Government Office issued the Circular on the “13th Five” Smart Nanjing Development Plan, which states that a new set of technologies, such as artificial intelligence, biometric recognition, block chains and other emerging industries, focusing on incubator networking, cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence, block chains, etc., have made breakthroughs and practical applications to advance technological development in Nanjing, such as cloud computing, big data, Internet, material networking, artificial intelligence, block chains, etc.

（2）2017年12月27日，苏州同济区块链研究院发布了《苏州高铁新城区块链产业发展扶持政策（试行）》，在区块链项目经营、平台、应用、人才、培训等方面采取扶持政策。

(2) On 27 December 2017, the Institute for the Development of the Chain of the Shoji District of Suzhou issued the " Support Policy for the Development of the Chain Industry in the High Iron New City of Suzhou ", which provides for affirmative policies in the areas of block chain operations, platforms, applications, talent, training, etc.

具体扶持政策如下：

The specific enabling policies are as follows:

经营扶持：

Business support:

鼓励高铁新城新设立的区块链企业（机构）做大做强，对年营业收入首次超过500万元、1000万元、5000元万、1亿元的企业，分别一次性奖励10万元、20万元、100万元、200万元。以上一次性奖励，不超过该年度企业上缴税收高铁新城地方留存部分。

The new block-chain enterprises (institutions) in the city are encouraged to do a great job by providing a one-time reward of $100,000, $200,000, $1 million, and $2 million for enterprises whose annual operating income for the first time exceeds $5 million, $10 million, $50 million, $100 million, respectively. The above-mentioned one-time reward does not exceed the tax-paying portion of the new city.

对在境内资本市场上市、境外资本市场上市、新三板挂牌的，经认定属于区块链技术研发和应用创新的区内企业，分别给予600万元、200万、200万元扶持奖励。

Supportive incentives of $6 million, $2 million and $2 million are granted to enterprises in the region listed in domestic capital markets, in offshore capital markets, and on new three boards, which are identified as part of the technology development and application innovation of the block chain.

对在新三板成功挂牌的企业一次性奖励200万元，成功转板后再次奖励400万元。

A one-time reward of $2 million is awarded to businesses that have successfully placed their cards on the new three boards, and $4 million is awarded once they have been successfully turned over.

对在沪深交易所上市的公司，对IPO上市企业、企业董事长及其管理团队分别奖励200万、200万和200万，并根据上市进度分别兑现。

For companies listed on the Tianjin Exchange, IPO listed enterprises, directors of enterprises and their management teams are rewarded by 2 million, 2 million and 2 million, respectively, and delivered according to the listing schedule.

对在境外IPO成功上市的企业一次性奖励200万元，返回国内沪深交易所成功上市的再次奖励400万元。

A one-time reward of $2 million for successful IPO listing abroad and another of $4 million for successful listing on a back-to-back domestic deep exchange.

平台扶持：

Platform enabling:

对省级及以上认定的区块链研究中心、评测中心、数据中心、存储中心等公共平台且取得相关资质的，给予100万元奖励。

One million yuan is awarded to public platforms such as provincial and above-recognized block chain research centres, evaluation centres, data centres, storage centres and related qualifications.

对获得国家级、省级、市级认定的区块链技术重点实验室，分别给予500万元、300万元、100万元奖励。

Five million yuan, three million yuan and one million yuan respectively were awarded to technical priority laboratories with identified block chains at the national, provincial and municipal levels.

对获得国家级、省级、市级认定的区块链专业众创空间（孵化器），分别给予100万元、50万元、25万元的奖励，引进5家以上经认定的区块链企业（机构）的，按每引进1家给予5万元奖励，每年奖励最高不超过100万元。

Incentives of 1 million yuan, 500,000 yuan and 250,000 yuan, respectively, for professional creative spaces (incubators) for block chains recognized at the national, provincial and municipal levels, and of more than 5 recognized block chain enterprises (institutions), a maximum of 50,000 yuan per year for each imported unit.

对经认定的区块链创新基地、区块链大厦、区块链产业园，按照运营管理机构实际运营费用给予一定补贴，补贴期限3年，每年补贴最高不超过100万元。

A subsidy of up to RMB 1 million per year is granted for a period of three years for the recognized innovative block chain base, block chain buildings and block chain industrial parks, based on the actual operating costs of the operating authority.

应用支持：

Application support:

鼓励以应用需求为导向，加快高铁新城区块链应用场景的示范项目落地，加大财政投入，实施区块链应用示范专项扶持计划，每年开放不超过50个区块链应用场景建设，每个应用示范项目最高不超过300万元。高铁新城将成立专项工作小组，帮助企业（机构）实现应用场景落地建设。

To encourage the application of demand-driven demonstration projects to speed up the application of the high-iron block chain, to increase financial investment, and to implement a demonstration support scheme for the application of the block chain, which will open up up to 50 block-chain applications per year, with a maximum of $3 million per application demonstration project. A special working group will be set up in the high-iron city to help enterprises (institutions) develop the application site.

人才扶持：

Talent support:

对引进的区块链技术核心专业高层次人才，可申请高端人才公寓，并给予个人所得税高铁新城留存部分90%奖励，奖励期三年。对急需的国内外一流区块链方面的专家人才，在高铁新城安家落户且服务3年以上的，给予一次性80万元的安家补贴。专家人才界定参照阳澄湖人才计划标准另行制定。

You can apply for high-level flats for highly skilled people in the newly introduced block-chained technology, with a three-year reward for 90% retention in the new town with a personal income tax. A one-time settlement subsidy of $800,000 is granted to specialists in the much-needed country- and abroad-class block-chains, who have settled in the high-iron-new city and served for more than three years.

对新注册落地企业的区块链技术人才，在企业注册成功之日起的12个月内，可由企业统一向高铁新城申请入驻区内人才公寓，并根据实际情况给予一定的租金补贴。区块链技术人才界定参照阳澄湖人才计划标准另行制定。

Within 12 months of the date on which the company's registration is successful, it is possible for the company to apply for a flat of a resident person in the new town of High Iron, with a rent subsidy, depending on the circumstances of the case.

对新注册落地企业引进的区块链技术人才落户和子女入学提供便利。

(c) Facilitating the arrival and enrolment of children in the block chain technology introduced by the newly registered enterprises.

培训支持：

Training support:

大力聚集区块链技术专业培训机构，对在高铁新城设立的培训学校、职业学院，自设立起的第一年、第二年、第三年每年培训区块链技术核心专业学生100人以上，毕业后在高铁新城区块链企业（机构）正常就业一年以上的，按每人500元标准给予培训机构一次性补贴，每家培训机构每年补贴不超过20万元。

The Technical Training Institute for Block Chains, which has been set up in the City of Elite, provides training in the first, second and third years for more than 100 core technical students per year, after graduation for more than one year of normal employment in the enterprises (institutions) of the high and new city chain, with a one-time subsidy of up to RMB 200,000 per training institution per year, based on a standard of RMB 500 per person.

鼓励和支持相关企业（机构）利用区块链培训资源，对区块链技术产业发展中急需特殊专业技术人才开展订单式培养，每生每学年给予企业（机构）1000元学费补助。

Encourage and support enterprises (institutions) to use block-chain training resources for order-based training of skilled people in need of special expertise in the technological development of block-chain industries, with a tuition subsidy of $1,000 per school year for enterprises (institutions).

金融扶持：

Financial support:

设立高铁新城区块链专项引导基金，总规模为10亿元。

The establishment of a special steering fund for the high-iron new city block chain, with a total size of 1 billion yuan.

对高铁新城区块链企业(机构)获得银行业金融机构贷款，经认定专项用于区块链项目的，按照同期贷款基准利率给予第一年100%、第二年80%、第三年60%的利息补贴，每年补贴金额最高不超过200万元。

Loans to banking financial institutions are granted to enterprises (institutions) in the high iron and new city block chains, which are identified as earmarked for block chain projects, with interest subsidies of 100 per cent for the first year, 80 per cent for the second year and 60 per cent for the third year, up to a maximum of 2 million yuan per year, based on the base interest rate of the loan for the same period.

将区块链企业（机构）纳入“助保贷”体系，可对单个企业（机构）提供不超过500万元的助保贷贷款总额。

The incorporation of block-chain enterprises (institutions) into the “lending facility” system allows for the provision of a total loan of up to $5 million to individual enterprises (institutions).

活动扶持：

Enabling activities:

对承办国际级、国家级区块链研讨、论坛等高水平交流会议的区块链企业（机构），经认定备案，给予最高不超过100万元补贴。

Subsidized up to a maximum of 1 million yuan for enterprises (institutions) hosting high-level communication meetings at the international level and at the national level, such as block-link seminars and forums.

对落户高铁新城并经认定市级以上区块链领域的行业协会，开展活动给予每年最高不超过50万活动经费补贴。

The activities of the trade associations in the area of the chain of blocks and blocks above the municipal level are subsidized up to a maximum of 500,000 activities per year.

八、贵州地区

VIII. THE QUARIAN REGION

（1）2016年12月，贵阳市人民政府新闻办公室发布《贵阳区块链发展和应用》提到要通过5年的努力，建成主权区块链应用示范区和数字货币应用先行区，将贵阳打造成区块链创新要素重要集聚地和区块链技术应用创新重要策源地。

(1) In December 2016, the People's Information Office of the Guiyang City People's Government issued " The Development and Application of the Kuoyang Block Chain ", which refers to the five-year effort to establish a model area for the application of the sovereign block chain and a pilot area for the application of the digital currency, which will strike you as an important hub for innovative elements of the block chain and as an important source of innovative technology for the application of the block chain.

（2）2017年2月16日，贵州省大数据发展领导小组办公室印发《贵州省数字经济发展规划（2017-2020年）》提到，探索推进区块链技术发展应用。建设区块链数字资产交易平台，构建区块链应用标准体系，为资产的数字化流通提供系统支持。

(2) On 16 February 2017, the Office of the Main Data Development Team of Guizhou Province published the Provincial Digital Economic Development Plan (2017-2020) to explore technical applications to facilitate the development of block chains.

（3）2017年5月22日，贵阳国家高新技术产业开发区管理委员会发布《贵阳国家高新区促进区块链技术创新及应用示范十条政策措施（试行）》提到，对区块链企业提供入驻支持、运营补贴、贡献奖励、创新支持、成果奖励、人才扶持、培训补贴、融资补贴、风险补贴和上市奖励。

(3) On 22 May 2017, the Governing Board of the High Technology Industry Development Area of the Guiyang State issued the Model Ten Policy Measures for the Promotion of Technological Innovation and Application of the Block Chain in the High and New Zones of the Guiyang State (pilot), which referred to the provision of in-house support, operating subsidies, contribution incentives, innovation support, reward for results, support for talent, training subsidies, financing subsidies, risk subsidies and listing incentives for block-chain enterprises.

具体政策措施如下：

Specific policy measures are as follows:

入驻支持：

Residential support:

1.房租费用补贴。落地企业(机构)租用区内办公或生产用房不超过500平方米，且经认定专项用于区块链项目的，采取先缴后补的方式，从签订租赁合同起的第一年、第二年、第三年每年给予全额租金补贴。

1. Rent fee subsidy. An enterprise (the institution) that is located in a rental area does not have more than 500 square metres of office or production space and is determined to be dedicated to block-chain projects shall be paid on a first-come-first, second- and third-year basis, with a full annual rental subsidy from the first, second and third years from the date of the lease contract.

2.办公场地装修费用补贴。企业装修办公用房的，按照最高500元/平米，总额最高不超过50万元给予补贴。

2. Subsidizes the cost of office fit-out.

运营补贴：

Operational subsidies:

项目单位日常运营产生的数据储存空间租赁费用、宽带费用、水电费用，从签订租赁合同起的第一年、第二年、第三年每年按企业上述几项实际发生总额的20%给予补贴，每年补贴最高不超过50万元。

Data storage space rental costs, broadband costs, utilities costs arising from the day-to-day operation of the project unit are subsidized annually at 20 per cent of the total actual costs incurred by the enterprise in the first, second and third years from the date of the lease contract, up to a maximum of 500,000 yuan per year.

贡献奖励：

Incentives for contributions:

区内企业(机构)通过提供区块链技术(应用)服务产生营业收入的，按年度首次达到500万元、1000万元、5000万元、1亿元以上，分别给予20万元、50万元、100万元、200万元的一次性奖励。

For the first time a year, enterprises (institutions) in the region generate operating income through the provision of block chain technology (application) services, amounting to RMB 5 million, RMB 10 million, RMB 50 million, and more than RMB 100 million, with a one-time incentive of RMB 200,000, RMB 500,000, RMB 1 million and RMB 2 million, respectively.

九、山东地区

IX. THE SANDON REGION

2017年7月11日，青岛市北区人民政府发布《关于加快区块链产业发展的意见(实行)》提到，力争到2020年，努力建设立足青岛、面向全国的区块链产业高地、区块链+创新应用基地。市北区将设立区块链产业发展年度专项资金，加强金融资本支持，强化引导基金、政策担保等措施，探索建立区块链发展投资基金，完善和健全区块链发展的金融资本支持政策，广泛吸引风险投资、产业投资等各类金融资源到市北区集聚。

On 11 July 2017, the People's Government of the Northern District of Qingdao City issued an Opinion on Accelerated Development of the Block Chain Industry (Enforcement) which states that by 2020 it will strive to build a base for innovative applications based on the Qingdao, sector chain highlands, block chains and innovative applications. The Northern District of the City will set up annual special funds for the development of block chain industries, strengthen financial capital support, strengthen steering funds, policy guarantees, etc., explore the establishment of a block development investment fund, improve and improve the financial capital support policy for the development of the block chain, and attract a wide range of financial resources, including venture investments, industrial investments and so on, to the North of the city.

十、江西地区

X. Jiangxi Region

2017年9月22日，江西省人民政府办公厅印发《江西省“十三五”建设绿色金融体系规划》，其中第三章第三节第五条提到，鼓励发展区块链技术、可信时间戳认定等互联网金融安全技术，应用于金融业务场景。

On 22 September 2017, the People's Government Office of Jiangxi Province issued the “13th Five-Year Plan for Building a Green Financial System in Jiangxi Province”, which, in chapter 3, section III, article 5, refers to encouraging the development of Internet-based financial security technologies, such as block chain technology, credible time stamping and so forth, to be applied to the financial business landscape.

十一、广西地区

XI. Guangxi Region

2017年12月14日，广西壮族自治区人民政府办公厅印发《广西进一步扩大和升级信息消费持续释放内需潜力实施方案的通知》提到，要求大力发展软件和信息技术服务业，开展基于区块链、人工智能等新技术的试点应用。

On 14 December 2017, the Office of the People's Government of the Guangxi Liang Autonomous Region issued the Circular on the Implementation of the Programme for the Further Expansion and Upgrading of Information Consumption in Guangxi for the Continuous Release of Domestic Demand Potential, which calls for a vigorous development of software and information technology services and pilot applications based on new technologies such as block chains and artificial intelligence.

十二、河北地区

XII. The Hebei region

2018年2月22日，河北省人民政府办公厅发布《关于加快推进工业转型升级建设现代化工业体系的指导意见》，提出要积极培育发展区块链、量子通信、太赫兹等未来产业。

On 22 February 2018, the Office of the People's Government of Hebei Province issued the Guidance for the Accelerated Promotion of Industrial Transformation and the Construction of a Modern Industrial System, which proposes to actively foster the development of future industries such as block chains, quantum communications, and Tehez.

十三、河南地区

XIII. Henan Region

2017年10月30日，河南省人民政府印发《中国(河南)自由贸易试验区建设专项方案的通知》提到，鼓励在自贸试验区探索设立金融科技等新型金融公司。运用大数据、区块链、人工智能、云计算等新技术，发起设立供应链金融公司、跨境电商金融服务公司等新型金融公司，培育场景化金融生态圈。

On 30 October 2017, the People's Government of Henan Province issued a circular on a special programme for the construction of a free trade pilot zone in China (Henan), in which it stated that it would encourage the creation of new financial companies, such as financial technology, in the pilot area of self-trade. Using new technologies such as large data, block chains, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, it will launch the creation of new financial companies, such as supply chain finance companies, cross-border electricity suppliers and financial services companies, to foster a landscape-based financial environment.

十四、四川地区

XIV. Sichuan Region

2017年8月8日，成都市金融工作局、成都市财政局发布《财政金融19条》，鼓励发展金融科技产业，支持大数据、云计算、人工智能、区块链等新一代信息技术与金融领域深度融合。

On 8 August 2017, the Cheng City Financial Work Bureau and the Cheng City Fiscal Authority issued Article 19 on Fiscal Finance to encourage the development of the financial science and technology industry and to support the deep integration of the new generation of information technology with the financial sector, such as big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and block chains.

十五、福建地区

Fujian district

（1）2017年6月9日，福建省经济中心发表《促进我省区块链技术和应用发展的政策建议》，摘要提到，福建信息产业基础较好，金融、物流等现代服务业迅速发展，可为区块链发展提供良好的基础支撑和应用场景。

(1) On 9 June 2017, the Fujian Economic Centre issued a Policy Proposal for the Development of Technology and Applications in the Block Chains of My Province, which summarizes the fact that the Fujian Information Industry has a better base and that modern services, such as finance and logistics, are developing rapidly and can provide a good foundation and application scene for the development of the Block Chain.

（2）2018年1月25日，福建省人民政府办公厅发布《关于加快全省工业数字经济创新发展的意见》提到要探索区块链技术创新，挖掘区块链技术价值，鼓励企业加入开源社区，利用国际开源技术资源进行再创新，推动区块链在社会治理、资产管理、公示公证、社会救助、知识产权、工业检测存证等领域的应用。

(2) On 25 January 2018, the Office of the People's Government of Fujian Province issued an Opinion on Accelerating the Development of Industrial Digital Economic Innovations throughout the Province, which refers to exploring technological innovations in block chains, tapping their technical value, encouraging enterprises to join open-source communities, using international open-source technical resources for re-innovation, and promoting the application of block chains in areas such as social governance, asset management, publicity, social assistance, intellectual property rights and industrial inspection certificates.

十六、内蒙古自治区

XVI. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

2017年6月29日，内蒙古自治区人民政府办公厅印发《2017年自治区大数据发展工作要点的通知》，要求加强数据感知、数据传输、计算处理、基础软件、可视化展现、区块链及信息安全与隐私保护等领域技术和产品的研发，推动建设一批大数据企业技术中心、工程（技术）研究中心、重点实验室和应用中心。

On 29 June 2017, the Office of the People's Government of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region issued the Circular on Elements of Work for the Development of Large Data in the Autonomous Region in 2017, which calls for the strengthening of research and development of technologies and products in the areas of data perception, data transmission, computational processing, basic software, visualization, block chains and information security and privacy protection, and the promotion of the establishment of a number of technology centres for large data enterprises, engineering (technical) research centres, priority laboratories and application centres.

十七、甘肃地区

XVII. Gansu Region

2018年2月2日，甘肃省人民政府办公厅印发《关于积极推进供应链创新与应用的实施意见》，要求推进研究利用区块链、人工智能等新兴技术，建立基于供应链的信用评价机制。

On 2 February 2018, the Gansu People's Government Office issued an Implementation Opinion on the Positive Advancement of Supply Chain Innovation and Applications, which called for the promotion of research on the use of emerging technologies such as block chains, artificial intelligence and the establishment of a credit evaluation mechanism based on the supply chain.

十八、海南地区

Hainan region

引言

Introduction

近年来，随着互联网金融的兴起，供应链金融也正如火如荼发展着，但其与物流业、电商平台等的融合面临着新的挑战。与此同时，区块链以其特点与优势在金融行业掀起一片热潮。虽然区块链的应用发展仍处于探索阶段，但其在简化操作流程、节约交易成本和提高行业效率等方面已显现出巨大的优势。区块链技术有望突破供应链金融发展的瓶颈，推动供应链金融继续向前发展。

In recent years, with the rise of Internet finance, supply chain finance has grown just like fire, but it faces new challenges in integrating with the logistics industry, power platforms, etc. At the same time, blocks’ chains, by their characteristics and advantages, have created a boom in the financial sector.

一、区块链概述

I. OVERVIEW OF THE LEVEL OF PARTS

区块链基于去中心化和去信任，利用密码学技术将各个区块数据连接起来，每个区块都拥有全网所有信息的副本，因此也可以认为区块链本质上是分布式总账技术。具体而言，区块链具有如下主要特征：

The block chain is based on decentralisation and detrusting, using cryptography technology to connect the data of each block, each with a copy of all information available on the web, so that the block chain can also be considered to be essentially a distributed master record technology. Specifically, the block chain has the following main features:

去中心化。区块链没有中心节点和核心机构，每一个节点拥有所有的交易信息，处于同等重要的地位，即使个别节点受到攻击，系统仍然可以稳定运行。去除了中心化的概念，既维护了网络系统的安全性，又降低了维护中心处理器的成本。

The block chain has no central nodes or core institutions, and each node has all the trading information and is equally important, and the system can still function steadily even if individual nodes are attacked. Beyond the concept of centralization, it preserves the security of the network system and reduces the cost of maintaining the central processor.

公开可查性。区块链的运行规则公开透明，保证了系统的安全性，并且每个节点的交易信息公开可查，新记录也将迅速复制到整个网络中。因此，可以极大程度地降低互联网金融交易过程中的欺骗。

The rules governing the operation of the block chain are open and transparent, guaranteeing the security of the system, and the information on transactions at each node is publicly available, and new records are quickly copied to the entire network. As a result, deception in the course of Internet financial transactions can be greatly reduced.

可追溯性。在区块链中，每一笔交易都有详细的记录，包括交易的时间、交易对象及数量以及交易方等，因此只需回溯历史区块，就可以查找到当前记录的来龙去脉。

Retroactivity. In the block chain, each transaction is recorded in detail, including the time of the transaction, the subject and the number of transactions, and the parties to the transaction, so it is only up to the historical block to trace the context of the current record.

二、运用区块链技术发展供应链金融的建议

II. Recommendations for the development of supply chain finance using block chain technology

供应链金融以供应链为核心，主要为供应链上的中小企业或小微企业提供金融服务，有助于解决供应链上节点资金短缺问题，缓解供应链失衡状态，维持采购、生产、销售等各个环节的稳固运行和供应链的平稳发展。但由于供应链上信息不对称，供应链金融的发展和应用受到了制约。区块链基于去中心化特点和密码学原理，将为供应链金融创造新的发展机会。

Supply chain finance is supply chain-centred, providing financial services primarily for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) or micro-enterprises in the supply chain, helping to address supply chain node funding shortfalls, mitigate supply chain imbalances, and maintain the robust functioning of the various components of procurement, production, and sales, as well as the smooth development of the supply chain. Supply chain finance development and application are constrained by information asymmetries in the supply chain.

1.出台相关政策，打造良性发展环境

1. Putting in place policies to create an enabling environment for development

区块链尚处于发展阶段，对区块链的研究和应用势必需要大量的资金和资源投入。为促进和鼓励其发展，政府应尽早出台相关政策。第一，政府可以通过设立专项基金、建设发展高新区等引导区块链的发展，打造良性发展环境。第二，适时引导互联网金融企业打造特色产品、提升行业标准。第三，防范区块链对传统金融行业的冲击与风险，加强安全监管。

The block chain is still in its development stage, and research and application of the block chain will require considerable financial and resource investment. To promote and encourage its development, the government should put in place policies as soon as possible.

2.加强技术建设，促进区块链对供应链金融的应用发展

2. Enhancing technology-building for the development of supply chain finance applications in block chains

目前，业界对于区块链的争论多是因为其技术尚不完善，因此，应当着重加强区块链技术建设，形成成熟的应用研发平台。针对区块链与金融产业的高度融合性，需要建设区块链对于供应链的应用系统及区域经济。进一步发展区块链与大数据、人工智能等技术的复合应用，为供应链金融的发展创造更大的可能性和更广阔的应用场景。

At present, there is much debate in the industry about block chains because they are not yet technologically well developed, and therefore emphasis should be placed on strengthening block chain technology to form a mature platform for applied research and development. For the high integration of block chains with the financial industry, there is a need to build supply chain application systems and regional economies.

3.重视和培育区块链与供应链金融等新兴领域复合性人才

3. Focusing on and nurturing complex talent in emerging areas such as block chains and supply chain finance

随着信息技术的发展和金融市场体系的建设，复合性人才将成为社会发展的助推力，他们既要有深厚的互联网功底，又需要经济发展态势具有极度敏感性，擅长利用区块链和供应链金融的融合性，发展供应链金融的互联网效应。学校可开设相关专业，开展交叉学科，培养复合性人才，同时，企业也应当注重对相关工作人员的培训，适应快速发展的信息化经济时代。

With the development of information technology and the development of financial market systems, complex talent will be a driving force for social development, with strong Internet literacy and the need for economic development dynamics to be extremely sensitive, using the integration of block chains and supply chain finance to develop the Internet effects of supply chain finance. Schools can offer relevant specializations and cross-disciplinary disciplines to develop complex talent, while enterprises should also focus on training relevant staff to adapt to the rapidly evolving information economy.

三、区块链技术下供应链金融发展的机遇与挑战

III. Opportunities and challenges for financial development of supply chains under sector chain technology

目前，供应链金融的发展较为成熟，开始逐渐向线上供应链金融发展。线上供应链金融通过信息化协同合作，服务于金融业和供应链管理的实体产业，包含在线支付、融资和物流管理等多个环节，是创新性金融产品。区块链作为一个新兴技术，因其去中心化、可追溯性等特点，将对供应链金融的发展产生极大的促进作用，并推动其向线上供应链金融过渡和转型。

At present, supply chain finance has matured and has begun to develop gradually towards online supply chain finance. On-line supply chain finance serves the financial industry and the physical industry of supply chain management through informatization and collaboration, with multiple links to online payments, finance, and logistics management, and is an innovative financial product.

日前，《中国信息化周报》记者独家采访了OKCion币行公司的OKLink产品VP郑荣尧，这是他回首过往的工作，总结的四字箴言。郑荣尧自2014年加入OKCion币行便致力于区块链的研究。对于区块链他深有感慨。

Today, an exclusive interview with VP Jung Yong-yuan, the KOKLink product of the Chinese Information Weekly, was a review of his work, summing up four words. Jung Yong-yu has been working on the block chain since joining the OKCion in 2014. He is deeply impressed by the chain of blocks.

2016年始，区块链概念反复被提及。实际上，依托于区块链技术，不同的行业可以与之结合并深度挖掘。金融行业以其特殊性，率先与区块链技术结合。

In 2016, the block chain concept was repeatedly mentioned. Indeed, depending on block chain technology, different industries can combine and dig deeper.

据郑荣尧介绍，依托于区块链技术可以实现不同的金融场景，而OKCion币行早在2013年就开始投入区块链业务，在支付、交易等方面很有成果，具体有哪些呢？跟随记者一起来了解。

According to Jung Young-joo, building on block chain technology can lead to different financial scenarios, while the OKCion coins were put into block chain operations as early as 2013, and have been very productive in terms of payments, transactions, etc.

解决的就是信任问题

It's about trust.

自从2008年“中本聪”提出“创世区块”之后，区块链已经逐渐走入人们视野。郑荣尧认为，2015年比特币的火热，促进了区块链的发展。2016年区块链技术概念不断被提及，影响不断增强。2017年将是区块链商业应用的起步阶段。

Since the creation block was introduced in 2008, the block chain has gradually moved into the horizon. Jung Yong-ju believes that the hotness of Bitcoin in 2015 contributed to the development of the block chain. The technical concept of the block chain was consistently mentioned in 2016, with increasing impact.

对于区块链，有人熟悉，有人陌生。也许“云计算、大数据、物联网”才是我们知道的新兴技术，记者问起区块链与其联系与区别时，他说：“当下云计算、大数据、物联网等新兴技术的火热促进着区块链技术的发展，区块链技术也在数据组织形式等方面影响着这些技术的发展。它们之间相辅相成、互相成就。”但是，区块链又明显区别于这些技术，“区块链是比特币的底层技术，是一种公开的、不可伪造的数据库账本，记载所有的交易记录。它是一种新的数据组织方式。去中心化、开放性、不可篡改等是区块链独有的特征。”在言语之间，不难听出他对区块链的推崇，在他的眼中公开性和不可篡改两大特征也成为了区块链最大的价值所在，这也是他不断提及和追求的。

Some are familiar with, and some are unfamiliar with, block chains. Perhaps “cloud computing, big data, object networking” is the new technology that we know, and journalists ask about the link and distinction between block chains, saying: “The heat of emerging technologies, such as cloud computing, big data, and object networking, contributes to the development of block chain technologies, which affect their development in terms of the form of data organization.” However, the block chain is clearly different from these technologies, and the “block chain is the bottom of Bitcoin, an open, non-forgerable database book that records all transactions. It is a new way of organizing data. Decentralization, openness, non-frozenness, etc., are unique features of the block chain.” Between words, it is not difficult to hear his praise of the block chain, and in his eyes, openness and non-frozen features have become the greatest value of the chain, which he continues to mention and pursue.

在采访中，郑荣尧多次提到的词还有“信任”二字，他表示：“区块链解决了一个重要问题――就是信任问题。”在一场交易中，信任是最P键的。

In the interview, Jung Yong-yoo also referred to the word “trust” on several occasions, stating: “The block chain solves an important problem - that is, trust.” In a deal, trust is the most fundamental.

传统的跨境支付往往需要汇款公司在合作方预付相当数量的备付金，这样做对汇款公司的资金安全和资金利用率都得不到保障。或者需要借助SWIFT等在全球各个银行、行之间进行交互，流程长、效率低、成本高。区块链可以完美解决这个问题，其组织方式和开放性和不可篡改让“账本”更具权威，让跨境支付更加透明，让双方可以有更多的信任。

Traditional cross-border payments often require remittance companies to make substantial advances to partners, which do not guarantee the financial security and use of money by remittance companies. Or they need to interact with banks and banks across the globe, such as SWIFT, with long, inefficient, and costly processes.

基于此，OKCion币行开发了OKLink。据介绍，区块链汇款网络OKLink通过发行数字货币OK Dollar 作为传输结算介质，主要面向各国持牌的支付和汇款公司提供2B的服务，加入OKLink网络的金融机构可以向联盟中成员实现点对点的货币支付和兑换。OK Dollar的发行是基于美元的，其币值也和美元严格挂钩，OKLink通过海外信托机构设立了一个信托账户，联盟成员通过向该账户存入美元来获取相应的OK Dollar。同时OKLink还设计了一个类似支付宝的机制，由下游收款机构先兑付给收款人，再通过多重签名的技术，获得来自上游汇款机构汇出的资金。最重要的是运用了区块链技术，将所有交易都实时记录在全球共享的信息平台上，交易即结算。

Based on this, OKCion’s money bank developed OKLink. It was described that the block chain remittance network OKLink provides 2B services through the issuance of digital currency OK Dollar as a transmission medium, mainly for national licensed pay and remittance companies, and that financial institutions participating in the OKLink network can make point-to-point payments and convert to members of the union. OK Dollar was issued on the basis of the United States dollar, its value was strongly linked to that of the dollar. OKLink established a trust account through the Overseas Trust Agency, and its members obtained the corresponding OK Dollar by depositing the account into the United States dollar.

郑荣尧表示，OKLink借助区块链技术极大提高金融网络的传输速度，摒弃中间环节，实现点到点快速且成本低廉的跨境支付，支付结算速度能够实现实时清算，同时省去了大量的手续费。此外，区块链去中心化、信息不可篡改、可追溯等特点，加强了小额跨境支付的安全性、透明性与低风险性。OKLink已经在国际间的小额支付领域实现了较好的布局和发展，覆盖数十个国家和地区。郑荣尧告诉记者：“区块链的技术问题不是最难解决的，重要的是要抓住行业痛点。区块链解决的是网络节点间的信任问题，哪里需要信任，哪里就可以应用区块链。”

In addition, the centralization of the block chain, the integrability of information, and its traceability have enhanced the security, transparency, and low risk of small cross-border payments. OKLink has achieved better layout and development in the international area of small payments, covering dozens of countries and regions.

区块链具有去中心化、透明性、匿名性以及安全性等主要特征，对于金融业态发展具有重要价值。在信用机制层面，区块链技术借助密码学技术，摆脱了传统的第三方信用机制，由节点上各个数据块实现信息间的传递和交流，权利与义务对等而提升其运营效率。因而也可以进一步的提升整个区块链上价值信息的透明性，每一个节点的信息都是固定而且相互独立的，不能够进行修改，节点之间采用密码学技术实现匿名。因此，区块链技术可以实现较高的信息和价值存储与传递的安全性，任一节点都可以实现对整个区块数据的拷贝，但是不能改变任何节点数据，在不借助中心第三方中介的基础上实现信息安全传递。 

At the credit-mechanical level, block-chain technology, with the help of cryptography, moves away from traditional third-party credit mechanisms, with data blocks on which information is transmitted and exchanged, and rights and obligations are reciprocal. It can further enhance the transparency of value information throughout the block chain, with each node information being fixed and independent, cannot be modified, and cryptology technology is used between nodes to achieve anonymity. Therefore, block-chain technology can achieve a higher degree of security in the storage and transmission of information and value, with each section providing a copy of data for the whole block, but it cannot change any node data and secure transmission of information without resorting to a central third-party intermediary. & nbsp;

2 区块链技术在金融业的发展现状 

2 Status of development of block chain technology in the financial sector & nbsp;

2.1 区块链技术在金融业的应用方向 

2.1 The direction in which block chain technology is applied in the financial sector & nbsp;

2.1.1 数字货币。在金融业长期的发展中，货币的发展变革也悄然兴起，在互联网电子化的今天，数字货币比传统的纸币发展更具活力。区块链技术应用在比特币发展中已经取得了重要的成绩，特别是以密码学技术为核心加密实现了数字货币的安全性。数字货币的发展能够有效的降低纸币发行和流通的成本，随着数字货币在世界范围内的流通与交换问题得到解决，数字货币将会带来整个金融业的变革。 

Digital money. In the long-term development of the financial sector, monetary development has also stagnated, and digital money is more dynamic today than traditional paper currency in the context of Internet digitization. The application of block-chain technology to bitcoin development has already achieved important achievements, particularly the security of digital money with cryptography as its core encryption. Digital currency development can effectively reduce the cost of issuing and circulating paper currency, and digital money will change the financial sector as problems of worldwide circulation and exchange are resolved. & nbsp;

2.1.2 金融资产综合交易平台建设。随着金融业态与互联网的深度融合发展，基于互联网信息技术的综合金融资产交易平台成为金融业高效发展的重要基础。而区块链技术将会在平台基础上实现智能合约化，依靠数据模块特有的安全性、去中心特性实现价值传递。 

2.1.2 Establishment of an integrated transaction platform for financial assets. The Internet-based information technology platform for the transaction of financial assets becomes an important basis for the efficient development of the financial sector as the financial system is deeply integrated with the Internet. And block-chain technology will be smart-contracted on the basis of the platform, relying on the unique security of the data module and moving to the centre. & nbsp;

2.1.3 降低国际支付与结算成本与时间。区块链支付技术正在兴起并得到快速发展，比较传统的跨国交易支付，区块链技术更加安全、高效。区块链支付方式可以通过点对点的有效手段实现支付，降低支付手续时间，而且没有第三方信用机构的存在，很大程度上降低支付手续费率，能够推动跨境贸易和跨境电商的快速发展。 

2.1.3 Reduce the cost and time of international payments and settlements. Block chain payment technologies are emerging and developing rapidly, making payments more secure and efficient than traditional cross-border transactions. Block chain payments can be made by effective point-to-point means, reducing payment processing times, and without the presence of third-party credit institutions, significantly reducing payment process rates, which can facilitate the rapid development of cross-border trade and cross-border power suppliers. & nbsp;

2.1.4 提高金融资产交易组织效率。以往的金融资产转移需要依靠一定的证券等金融机构进行一系列的审批操作，区块链技术可以依靠数据的共享，实现各个节点间的有效互通，并且在不影响资金安全的情况下快速完成资产交易。这种模式下信息更加透明、操作更加规范、周期更短、效率更高、成本也更低。 

2.1.4 More efficient financial asset-trading organizations. The transfer of financial assets in the past required a series of approval operations by financial institutions, such as securities, whereby block-chain technology could rely on data-sharing, achieve efficient interconnectivity between nodes and quickly complete asset transactions without compromising the security of funds. The information under this model is more transparent, more regulated, shorter, more efficient and less costly.

2.2 区块链技术在金融业的应用现状 

2.2 Status of application of block chain technologies in the financial sector & nbsp;

目前区块链技术已经得到很多国家的重视，并且出台很多政策引导市场对于区块链技术的研究和应用。在数字货币、商业银行以及交易所等金融机构组织方面，区块链技术得到了初步的探索与实践。 

Block chain technology has now received the attention of many countries, and many policies have been put in place to guide the market’s research and application of block chain technology. Block chain technology has been explored and practiced in financial institutions such as digital money, commercial banks, and exchange organizations.

在数字货币方面，比较常见的就是比特币。比特币作为一种数字货币，完全不具备传统纸币和当前电子货币的属性，但是能够用于交易、购买支付以及货币对换等，随着比特币的发展，一些围绕比特币的借记卡等产品也相继出现。厄瓜多尔也在2015年推出自己的国家数字货币，这种货币依靠区块链加密技术，不仅能够使各个群体记住互联网获得金融服务，还能够推进国家对于货币流通的控制，减少洗钱等非法行为。国际支付方面，区块链技术很大程度上缓解了跨境支付对于第三方金融机构的依赖，美国的Ripple建立了基于区块链的网络金融传输协议实现对传统第三方信用机构的替代。这种网络传输协议在桑坦德英国分行的国际结算业务中得到使用。目前Ripple区块链技术已经与全球19个国家的银行进行合作，推进了国家支付的变革。在金融综合服务平台和金融资产交易组织方面，也已經有很多公司进行尝试，如R3CEV 公司建立了由美国银行、花旗银行、德意志银行、汇丰银行等43 家不同国家银行参与的区块链联盟，力图确立一个国家区块链技术标准，从而实现在全球的跨境结算和资产转移中更加高效、安全。 

In 2015, Ecuador also introduced its own national digital currency, which relies on block-link encryption technology, which not only enables communities to remember the Internet to access financial services, but also promotes national control over currency flows and the reduction of money-laundering. With regard to international payments, block-chain technology has significantly eased the dependence of cross-border payments on third-party financial institutions, and the United States Ripple has established a network-based financial transfer agreement to replace traditional third-party credit institutions, such as R3CV, which has been used in international accounting operations in the United Kingdom branch of Santander.

3 区块链技术在金融业应用的前景展望 

3 Prospects for the application of block chain technologies in the financial sector & nbsp;

区块链技术在金融业发展从2015年开始进入快速发展阶段，根据一份调查结果可知，目前全球有近15%的银行正将区块链技术应用于实践，IBM预测指出未来几年将是区块链金融技术发展的重要时期，预计全球约有66%的商业银行会开发出具有优质商业价值的区块链技术。随着区块链技术的热度提升，我国金融行业区块链技术探究也逐渐出现，2016年工信部发布《中国区块链技术和应用发展白皮书》奠定了未来几年我国金融业发展的基调。围绕区块链技术实现金融行业各业态的创新变革将是未来发展的重要趋势。 

As a result of a survey conducted in 2015 that nearly 15% of banks around the world are now applying block chain technology to practice, IBM predicts that the next few years will be an important period in the development of block chain finance technology, and that about 66% of commercial banks around the world are expected to develop block chain technology of high commercial value. As the heat of block chain technology increases, the search for block chain technology in our financial sector has gradually emerged, and in 2016 the Ministry of Industry and Communications issued a White Paper on the development of Chinese block chain technology and applications has set the tone for the development of our financial sector in the coming years. Innovative changes in financial sector patterns around block chain technology will be an important trend in the future. & nbsp;

尽管区块链技术能够解决很多金融业发展的实际问题，但是从目前来看在未来很长时间内，区块链技术在金融业应用的发展也会面临如下难题： 

While block chain technology can solve practical problems in many financial sector developments, the following challenges will also be faced in the development of block chain technology applications in the financial sector for a long time to come: & nbsp;

3.1 技术缺乏统一标准 

3.1 Lack of uniform standards for technology & nbsp;

尽管区块链技术得到很多国家的重视，并加强投入推进技术开发，未来四年可以实现全球66%的商业银行掌握商业应用价值的区块链金融技术，但是这些国家和企业间技术缺乏统一标准，区块链技术在未来长期内也很难成熟，要想真正的转变国际金融业发展还需要推进各方合作。因此，区块链金融技术不是单一技术的核心优势，需要世界各个国家、各个企业打破金融政策壁垒，形成区块链发展联盟，通过对话合作，深化交流形成统一的技术基础。 

While block-chain technology is valued by many countries and has increased investment in technology development, leading to the achievement of 66% of global commercial banks with commercially applied block-chain financial technology over the next four years, these countries and inter-firm technologies lack uniform standards, they are difficult to mature over the long term, and genuine transformation of the development of the international financial sector requires cooperation. Therefore, block-chain finance technology is not a central advantage of a single technology; it requires countries and enterprises around the world to break through financial policy barriers, form a block-chain development alliance, and deepen the technical basis for communication through dialogue and cooperation.

3.2 区块链技术尚不成熟 

3.2 The block chain is technologically immature & nbsp;

区块链金融技术的发展目前仅进入初步的探讨和实践阶段，很多国家已经在金融支付和平台服务中进行尝试，但是从比特币技术转变而来的区块链金融技术尚需更多的实验和技术的投入。未来一段时期将是区块链技术创新研发的密集期，需要加大研发力度在支付、信用评级、信贷等金融服务体系等方面充分利用相关技术，重构金融业务。 

The development of block chain financial technologies is currently only in the initial stages of exploration and practice, with many countries already experimenting with financial payments and platform services, but the technology shift from bitcoin to block chain finance requires more experimental and technological inputs. The period ahead will be an intensive period for technological innovation in block chains, and more research and development will be needed to make full use of relevant technologies in financial services systems such as payments, credit ratings, credit, etc., and to re-engineer financial operations.

3.3 跨界人才缺乏 

3.3 Lack of cross-border talent & nbsp;

区块链技术在金融业中的应用需要有人才保障，而这种既能够充分掌握区块链技术又能够熟知与应用金融知识的实践性人才很少。因而，可以对于区块链技术在金融业的落地实施，务必需要在未来长时间内，确立一套完善的专业人才培养体系，推进金融理论与区块链技术融合下的人才培养，并注重理论与技术结合的实践性，以实现跨界人才培养。 

The application of block-chain technologies in the financial sector requires human resources security, which is a rare source of practical skills that can fully master block-chain technologies and know and apply financial knowledge. Therefore, the implementation of block-chain technologies in the financial sector must be carried out over a long period of time, and a well-developed system of professional development must be put in place to advance the development of talent in the context of the integration of financial theory and block-chain technology, with a focus on theoretical and technological integration practices in order to achieve cross-border talent development.

参考文献： 

References: & nbsp;

俄罗斯最大航空公司与该国最大私人银行合作，发行区块链乘客票。

The largest Russian airline, in cooperation with the country's largest private bank, issued block-chain passenger tickets.

根据当地媒体消息Kommersant表示，航空S7及其票务机构S7Ticket据说在本周，已经开始销售以太坊区块链机票。获得俄罗斯最大私人银行组织Alfa-Bank的支持。

According to local media sources, Kommersant said that Air S7 and its ticket agency, S7Ticket, were said to have started selling tickets in the Teejo block this week.

该报道表示，该平台旨在减少航空公司与机构之间的结算时间，当前这需要2周左右。这将进一步优化支付方式，让机构之间自动进行扣除，机票的销售将直接反应到最终收据。

The report states that the platform aims to reduce the settlement time between airlines and agencies, which will take about two weeks. This will further optimize the way payments are made, allowing automatic deductions between agencies, and the sale of airline tickets will be directly reflected in the final receipt.

因此，这个合作可以看成是以太坊区块链企图简化航空票务流程的最早尝试，尽管一直以来这被认为是可能的区块链案例。

Thus, this cooperation can be seen as the first attempt to simplify the air ticketing process through the Taiwan block chain, although it has been considered as a possible block chain case.

该报告并没有详细说明，平台是否建立在私人或公共版区块链之上。

The report did not provide details as to whether the platform was based on a chain of private or public sector blocks.

之前，S7航空和Alfa-Bank据说已经在追踪信用证上，已经进行了智能合约技术方面的合作。

Previously, S7 Aviation and Alfa-Bank were said to have cooperated in the tracking of letters of credit and in the technical aspects of smart contracts.

二、美国联邦机构逐渐采用区块链技术

II. Progressive adoption of block chain technology by United States federal agencies

区块链技术开发公司和基础设施提供商以及比特币矿业公司开始由美国联邦机构资助，其中包括国土安全部(DHS)。

The Block Chain Technology Development Corporation and infrastructure providers, as well as Bitcoin Mining, began to be funded by United States federal agencies, including the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).

根据Nextgov等消息来源，包括BlockCypher在内的各种区块链公司都收到了DHS的小企业创新研究资助，用于验证区块链在记录保护、身份保护以及创建不可变数据存储分类账方面的潜力。

According to sources such as Nextgov, various block chain companies, including BlockCypher, have received funding from DHS for innovation research in small businesses to validate the potential of the block chain in terms of record protection, identity protection and the creation of an irreversible data storage ledger.

具体来说，包括南美洲和亚洲在内的世界各地的许多政府机构正在利用区块链技术来使房地产行业实现自动化，通过建立一个基于区块链的不可变账户，卖家、经纪人和买家可以透明地访问。

Specifically, many government agencies around the world, including in South America and Asia, are using block chain technology to automate the real estate industry, which can be accessed transparently by sellers, brokers and buyers through the establishment of an immutable account based on block chains.

目前，GSA可能导致区块链技术及其行业的开发活动的增加。本周早些时候，GSA的新兴公民技术办公室主管Justin Herman在一次会议上表示，通过为开发商、爱好者、公司和投资者创建区块链主题社区和生态系统，该组织旨在测试区块链技术在广泛场景和现有平台中的适用性。

Currently, GSA may lead to an increase in block chain technology and the development of its industries. Earlier this week, Justin Herman, head of the Emerging Citizen Technology Office of GSA, stated at a meeting that the organization was designed to test the applicability of block chain technology in a wide range of scenarios and existing platforms through the creation of block chain thematic communities and ecosystems for developers, fans, companies and investors.

三、印度政府加入最大的区块链协会EEA

III. EEA, the largest association of blocks in which the Government of India has joined

印度国家政府和支付巨头万事达是新增的34家企业以太联盟(Enterprise Ethereum Alliance，EEA)之一，现已有超过150个成员——这让其成为世界上最大的区块链协会。

The Indian Government and payment giants are one of the 34 new companies, the Enterprise Etherum Alliance (EEA), and now have more than 150 members — making them the world's largest block chain association.

企业以太联盟(EEA)是由一家30名员工的公司在2016年2月份牵头成立的组织，由以太开发创业公司组成的工作组，旨在利用开源的以太技术实现企业区块链解决方案。

The Enterprise Ether Alliance (EEA), an organization led by a company with 30 employees, was established in February 2016 as a working group of Ether Development Enterprise (Ether) to use open-source Ether technology to achieve a business block chain solution.

5月份，欧洲经济区向创始成员增加了86名新成员，其成员人数达到116人，接近Linux基金会领导的开源Hyperledger项目人数。

In May, the European Economic Area added 86 new members to its founding membership, reaching 116 members, close to the number of Open Source Hyperledger projects led by the Linux Foundation.

欧洲经济区最近宣布与来自银行、医疗保健、能源和制药行业的众多知名新成员，成立“世界上最大的开放源代码开发项目”。然而，令人瞩目的是安得拉邦政府，这是一个以技术推动议程而闻名的印度南部国家。

The European Economic Area (EEA) recently announced the establishment of the world's largest open source development project with a large number of well-known new members from the banking, health, energy and pharmaceutical industries. However, the notable aim is the Andhra Pradesh government, a country known for its technology-driven agenda.

其他新成员包括科技巨头思科，俄罗斯区块链创业公司QIWI，德国慕尼黑技术大学等。

Other new members include the technologists Cisco, the Russian block chain start-up company QIWI, the University of Technology in Munich, Germany, etc.

安得拉邦政府此前已经与新加坡中央银行签署了金融科技的合作伙伴关系，推动了数字付款和发展块链技术。该州是维沙卡帕特南市的所在地，这个沿海城市正迅速成为与Visa和路透社等开展业务的金融科技中心。在开创性的举措中，安得拉邦还计划在未来几个月将其1.03亿张配给卡的数据库转移到一个集团。

Andhra Pradesh’s government has previously signed a partnership with the Central Bank of Singapore on financial science and technology, promoting digital payments and the development of chain technologies. The state is home to the city of Vishakapatnan, a coastal city that is fast becoming a financial science and technology centre operating with Visa and Reuters, among others.

EEA董事长胡里奥·福拉(Julio Faura)补充说：在EEA的主持下，技术的广度、深度和多样性共同创造和推动了企业的以太标准框架，为未来发展下一代以太生态系统打下了坚实的基础。

The President of the EEA, Julio Faura, added that, under the auspices of the EEA, the breadth, depth and diversity of technology together created and promoted the Ether standard framework for enterprises, laying a solid foundation for the future development of the next generation of the Ether ecosystems.

四、区块链音乐平台Aurovine在印度推出

iv. The block chain music platform, Aurovine, was launched in India

基于区块链的音乐平台Aurovine已在印度推出，该平台由Audiocoin， BlockPool以及印度公司Appliconsultants合作完成，旨在利用区块链促进印度音乐市场的发展。

The block chain-based music platform, Aurovine, launched in India, was carried out in partnership with Audiocoin, BlockPool and the Indian company Appliconsults, with the aim of using the block chain to promote the development of the music market in India.

Aurovine利用区块链保证每次听歌时，所有与其发展有关的人员都会被分配相应的费用。由于区块链是不可变的，就带来了高度的问责制和公平性。Aurovine平台使用了加密货币Audiocoin。

Aurovine uses the block chain to ensure that every time a song is heard, all those involved in its development are allocated the corresponding costs. Because the block chain is immutable, it leads to a high degree of accountability and fairness.

Audiocoin是一种音乐加密货币，旨在奖励艺术家和粉丝参与到行业中来。粉丝们通过听音乐，评分和分享音乐赚取货币，而粉丝分享音乐时，艺术家将被授予Audiocoins。

Audiocoin is a music encryption currency that rewards artists and fans to participate in the industry. Fans earn money by listening to music, scoring and sharing music, while artists are awarded Audiocoins when they share music.

Aurovine认为该平台可以促进印度音乐市场的发展。该平台将为粉丝提供赚取硬币的能力，并将其存储在手机钱包中，同时投票支持他们最喜欢的艺术家。艺术家可以通过在平台上执行的智能合同来为他们的工作众筹。这些特点意味着粉丝和艺术家在参与程度上比目前的市场更进一步。

Aurovine believes that the platform can contribute to the development of the Indian music market. The platform will provide fans with the ability to earn coins and store them in mobile wallets, while voting to support their favorite artists.

五、法国汽车制造商Renault测试区块链保证汽车修理数据的安全

V. The chain of the Renault test block of the French automobile manufacturer guarantees the security of vehicle repair data

法国汽车制造商Renault推出了使用区块链构建新的数字化汽车维护日志模型。

Renault, a French automobile manufacturer, introduced a new digital car maintenance log model using block chains.

该项目于今天宣布，Renault和微软公司及VISEO公司合作开发原型。据说，一家中国创业公司BitSe也参与了设计工作。微软公司的云平台Azure已经成为技术公司区块链策略的重点。

The project announced today that Renault and Microsoft, in collaboration with VISEO, had developed a prototype. BitSe, a Chinese business start-up company, was also said to be involved in the design. Azure, Microsoft’s cloud platform, has become the focus of the technology company’s block chain strategy.

据Renault介绍，基本前提是有关汽车维修历史的信息由维修店和经销商等一系列渠道进行维护，使得更难跟踪新的变化。相比之下，数字维护日志原型将所有这些信息都放在同一个地方。

According to Renault, the basic premise is that information about the history of auto maintenance is maintained through a range of channels, such as maintenance stores and distributors, making it more difficult to track new changes. By contrast, the digital maintenance log prototype puts all this information in the same place.

Groupe Renault数字及车联网总监Elie Elbaz在一份声明中表示：“这个数字汽车维护书将使我们能够与保险公司和经销商向生态系统中的客户提供新服务，区块链技术能够创建可靠的信任协议。”

In a statement, Elie Elbaz, Director-General of Grupe Renault Digital and Car Networking, stated: “The number of vehicle maintenance letters will enable us, together with insurance companies and distributors, to provide new services to customers in the ecosystem, and block chain technology will create reliable trust agreements.”

在开发原型的几个月前，Renault汽车融资子公司RCI银行和服务部门加入R3分布式分类账联盟。当时，加入该联盟是RCI内更广泛数字化工作的一部分。

A few months before the development of the prototype, Renault Motor Finance Company, RCI Bank and Services, joined the R3 distributed ledger alliance, which was then part of the broader digitization process within RCI.

欧洲其他的汽车制造商(包括保时捷和戴姆勒)近几个月来也在采取措施探索或整合区块链技术。

Other car manufacturers in Europe, including Porsche and Daimler, have also taken steps to explore or integrate block chain technology in recent months.

Renault表示，未来它将寻求区块链技术的进一步用例，包括基于车辆的微型交易。

Renault indicated that in the future it would seek further examples of block chain technology, including vehicle-based micro-trading.

“除了这个项目，这项技术将是车联网以及与之相关的微型交易和安全要求的重要一步。”

“In addition to this project, this technology will be an important step in the networking of vehicles and the associated micro-trading and security requirements.”

六、白俄罗斯央行通过了银行担保区块链使用方案

VI. Adoption by the Central Bank of Belarus of a programme for the use of the chain of bank guarantee blocks

白俄罗斯央行最近为国内银行发展区块链扫清障碍，促进了银行担保发送过程。

The Central Bank of Belarus recently cleared the way for domestic banks to develop block chains, facilitating the process of issuing bank guarantees.

此举上周末由白俄罗斯国家银行发布，作为区块链大型项目的一部分，表明了央行通过其结算中心管理和监督区块链网络。值得注意的是，央行表示使用该技术并不与数字货币相关，“与此同时，没有对IT领域使用区块链技术进行任何概念限制”。

This initiative, published last weekend by the National Bank of Belarus as part of a large block chain project, shows that central banks manage and monitor the block chain network through their clearing centres. It is worth noting that the central bank states that the use of this technology is not related to digital currency, “at the same time, there is no conceptual restriction on the use of block chain technology in IT.”

根据7月19日的声明，本月早些时候央行发布的区块链决定，旨在开放白俄罗斯银行发行银行担保技术，或者有望弥补债务损失。

According to the statement of 19 July, earlier this month, the Central Bank issued a block chain decision aimed at opening up bank guarantee technology in Belarusian banks or promising to cover debt losses.

央行继续表示：

The Central Bank continues:

“银行担保注册维系新系统将确保经济主体的互相访问，包括欧亚经济成员到政府采购程序(工程、服务)的开发者。”

“The new system of bank guarantee registration will ensure the mutual access of economic agents, including Euro-Asian economic members to developers of government procurement procedures (engineering, services).”

该声明解释道，下一步将要把白俄罗斯股票市场包含在内，以及证券的场外交易。

The statement explained that the next step would be to include the Belarusian stock market and off-site trading of securities.

“项目实现有望在更高质量的水平上，组织该注册，这将为提高透明度创造心条件，进一步促进白俄罗斯股票市场发展。”中央银行表示。

“It is hoped that the project will achieve a higher level of quality and organize the registration, which will create conditions for greater transparency and further promote the development of the Belarusian stock market.” The Central Bank indicated.

七、瑞典正式开始使用区块链进行土地和房地产登记

VII. Sweden formally introduced the use of block chains for land and real estate registration

近日，瑞典土地登记处Lantm?teriet正式开始利用区块链技术进行土地和房地产登记。

Recently, the Swedish Land Registry, Lantm?teriet, officially began to use block chain technology for land and real estate registration.

自2017年初以来，包括巴西在内的各国已开始利用区块链技术，在去中心化，透明和不可更改的网络中推动土地和房地产所有权登记。

Since the beginning of 2017, countries, including Brazil, have begun to use block chain technology to promote land and real estate ownership registration in decentralised, transparent and unaltered networks.

Lantm?teriet的发展负责人MatsSn?ll在接受“计算机周刊(Computer Weekly)”采访时透露，自2016年以来，瑞典土地登记处就一直在积极投资区块链技术，并开发了一个区块链概念验证平台。

MatsSn, Development Manager of Lantm?teriet, in an interview with Computer Weekly, revealed that since 2016 the Swedish Land Registry has been actively investing in block chain technology and has developed a section chain conceptual validation platform.

今年3月，Lantm?teriet完成了这个基于区块链的土地和房地产登记平台的初步试验阶段。

In March this year, Lantm?teriet completed the initial pilot phase of this block-based land and real estate registration platform.

Sn?ll认为，区块链技术将为政府节省数亿美元的开支，尽管现在只进行了小范围的私人区块链测试，但他预计该项目将在未来几个月内迅速扩大。

Sn?ll believes that block chain technology will save the Government hundreds of millions of dollars in expenditure and, although only small private block chain tests have been conducted, he expects the project to expand rapidly in the coming months.

八、日本区块链技术平台miyabi每秒可进行1500次国内汇款

viii. 1,500 domestic remittances per second from the Japanese block chain technology platform miyabi

日本全国银行协会(Japanese Bankers Association)正致力于开发通用区块链技术平台，想让日本众家银行开始测试以区块链技术进行汇款等银行主要业务。

The Japan National Banking Association (JNAB) is working on the development of a universal block chain technology platform to allow Japanese banks to begin testing major banking operations such as remittances with block chain technology.

根据报道，JBA旗下有252个成员，包括成员银行、金控公司、银行家协会和近50家外资银行的日本分行。值得注意的是，JBA亦为全银(Zengin)系统的营运商。该系统为日本银行间境内转帐的支付结算平台。JBA表示，该协会正在研究金融创新技术，特别是区块链技术。

According to reports, JBA has 252 members, including member banks, gold companies, bankers associations, and Japanese branches of nearly 50 foreign banks. Notably, JBA is also the operator of the Zengin system, which provides a payment settlement platform for intra-Japanese bank transfers. JBA states that the Association is studying innovative financial technologies, particularly block chain technologies.

据日经(Nikkei)报导，JBA的目标是为所有规模的成员提供1个通用平台，以实际测试区块链技术。JBA虽未公布太多细节，但已证实将探索分布式帐本技术。JBA将与一些科技公司合作展开测试，预计将于9至12月间在日本开始测试。而与现有实时转帐成本相比，采用区块链技术可节省高达90%的转帐成本。

According to Nikkei, JBA aims to provide a universal platform for members of all sizes to actually test block chain technology. JBA has not published much details, but it has been confirmed that distributed account book technology will be explored. JBA will test it in collaboration with a number of technology companies and is expected to start testing in Japan between September and December.

另方面，JBA还在寻找科技公司为其开发区块链技术平台同时，日本大型银行已开始测试区块链技术汇款系统。2016年11月，日本最大比特币交易所bitFlyer旗下区块链平台miyabi在为期9个月的概念验证试验中，每秒可记录1，500次交易。

On the other hand, while JBA is also looking for technology companies to develop its block chain technology platform, large Japanese banks have started testing block chain technology remittance systems. In November 2016, Miyabi, Japan’s largest Bitcoin exchange’s bitFlyer chain platform, recorded 1,500 transactions per second in a nine-month concept validation experiment.

此次成功试验证明，国内转帐区块链技术平台交易速度超越当前银行间有线系统最快的每秒1，400次交易。三菱金融集团、瑞穗和SMBC等日本三大银行均为bitFlyer的投资者，间接证明日本已开始认定数字货币的法定支付地位。2017年夏天，日本逾25家门市将接受以比特币付款。

The successful experiment proved that domestic transfer block chain technology platforms are trading faster than the fastest 1,400 transactions per second of the current interbank cable system. Three Japanese banks – Mitsubishi Finance Group, Sio, and SMBC – are investors in bitFlyer, indirectly proving that Japan has begun to assume legal payment status for digital currencies.

报道认为，JBA成员若于2017年在区块链技术测试上取得正面成果，可望带动区块链技术未来在日本商业银行领域的发展。

It was reported that the positive results achieved by JBA members on the technical tests of the block chain in 2017 could have led to future developments in block chain technology in the area of commercial banks in Japan.

九、乌克兰政府将于十月开始区块链土地登记试验

IX. The Ukrainian Government will begin the block chain land registration experiment in October

乌克兰的土地管理一直面临着困境。作为本身就对区块链较为感兴趣的国家之一，乌克兰最近宣布将利用区块链技术进行一个土地登记系统试验。该项目将于10月开始，希望能通过创新技术增加土地租赁活动的透明度，以减少非法行为，促进经济发展。

As one of the countries that has become more interested in block chains, Ukraine recently announced that it will use block chain technology to pilot a land registration system. The project will begin in October, with the hope of increasing transparency in land leasing activities through innovative technologies in order to reduce illegal practices and promote economic development.

不久前，该国总理Volodymyr Groysman就承诺为所有国有土地租赁进行拍卖——旨在增加竞争，推动当地经济，减少非法活动。他当时提出警告，可能会对不遵守政策的行为进行“刑事处罚”，强调：

Not long ago, the Prime Minister, Volodymyr Groysman, promised to auction all State-owned land leases in order to increase competition, boost the local economy and reduce illegal activities. He warned that non-compliance could be “criminalized” and stressed that:

“所有土地租赁必须通过拍卖进行。”

“All land leases must be made through auctions.”

约有71%的乌克兰领土(4270万公顷)属于农用地。其中超过一千万公顷归国家所有，占农用地总面积的25%左右。

About 71 per cent of the territory of Ukraine (42.7 million hectares) is agricultural. More than 10 million hectares are State-owned, accounting for about 25 per cent of the total area of agricultural land.

根据由世界银行资助，与乌克兰农业政策部，国家土地登记局和多个国家当局合作推出的2015年的一个研究项目，乌克兰目前的土地管理状况令人担忧：

According to a research project for 2015, funded by the World Bank and carried out in cooperation with the Ministry of Agricultural Policy of Ukraine, the State Land Registry and various national authorities, the current state of land management in Ukraine is worrying:

公共土地注册远低于私人土地(24% vs 71%)，降低了透明度，引发非法活动。

Public land registration is well below private land (24 per cent vs 71 per cent), reducing transparency and triggering illegal activities.

农用地租金水平是欧洲最低的国家之一(2015年约37美元)，影响农村土地所有者的收入，导致土地资源利用率低下。

Rent levels for agricultural land are among the lowest in Europe (about $37 in 2015), affecting the income of rural landowners and leading to low utilization of land resources.

土地市场非常萧条，主要由于缺乏金融工具和使用土地作为抵押品的复杂性。将产权转让给农用地的主要途径是租赁，存在很大的“灰色市场”。

Land markets are very depressed, mainly because of the lack of financial instruments and the complexity of using land as collateral. The main way to transfer title to agricultural land is through leasing, with a large “grey market”.

土地纳税人(约730万)远远少于私人土地所有者和土地使用者。

Land taxpayers (approximately 7.3 million) are significantly lower than private landowners and land users.

乌克兰并不是第一个考虑在土地登记处理中使用区块链的国家。今年三月，瑞典土地登记机构开展了一项记录产权交易的试验。而在五月份，英国土地登记局则详细说明了所谓的“Digital Street”计划，该计划把区块链技术列为基础技术之一。

In March this year, the Swedish Land Registry launched an experiment to record title transactions. In May, the British Land Registry elaborated on the so-called “Digital Street” project, one of the techniques that underpins the technical chain of blocks.

十、澳大利亚比特币交易所在A轮融资中筹得81.5万澳元

X. $8.15 million raised by the Australian Bitcoin Exchange in A-round finance

据报道，澳大利亚的一个比特币交易所在A轮投资中筹集了81.5万澳元。

An Australian Bitcoin exchange reportedly raised $8.15 million in A-turn investments.

据Business Insider透露，位于墨尔本Bitcoin.com.au获得了Alium Cpital和Dominet Venture Partners的融资。新的资金将用于扩大该公司在英国和加拿大的海外业务。其创始人兼首席执行官Rupert Hackett告诉媒体，这笔资金也将使其在平台上添加其他数字货币，包括以太币和瑞波币。

The new funds will be used to expand the company’s overseas operations in the United Kingdom and Canada. Rupert Hackett, its founder and CEO, told the media that the funds would also allow it to add other digital currencies to the platform, including Ethers and Ribot.

Bitcoin.com.au与其国内的零售金融公司合作，在澳大利亚提供在线和实体比特币交换服务。报告显示，其最终募资金额高于原计划，它原本只计划筹集50万澳元的发展资金。

Bitcoin.com.au works with its domestic retail finance companies to provide online and entity Bitcoin exchange services in Australia.

Alium Capital合伙人Rajeev Gupta在声明表示，这次投资将帮助他的企业进一步接触迅速发展的数字货币领域。

The Alium Capital partner Rajeev Gupta stated that the investment would help his business to gain further access to the rapidly developing digital currency area.

在这次融资之前，澳大利亚监管机构采取了措施改善数字货币创业公司的发展环境，特别是今年早些时候，监管机构最终决定撤销对购买比特币行为征收“双重税”这一饱受争议的政策。

Prior to the financing, Australian regulators had taken steps to improve the development environment for digital money start-ups, particularly earlier this year, when they finally decided to withdraw the controversial policy of “double taxation” on the purchase of bitcoin.

根据今年早些时候的报道，澳大利亚财政部已经取消了对比特币采购征收商品与劳务税(Goods and Services Tax)的规定，澳大利亚政府意识到这一举措将促进该国数字货币业务的发展。

According to reports earlier this year, the Australian Department of Finance has removed the Goods and Services Tarx provisions for the procurement of Bitcoin, and the Australian Government is aware that this initiative will facilitate the development of the country's digital currency business.

十一、微软涉足区块链将为客户开发更好用的区块链系统

XI. Microsoft access to block chains will develop better-utilized block chain systems for clients

微软正在进一步努力为其日常客户开发更加好用的区块链系统。区块链系统被认为是进行数字货币交易的基础性平台。

Microsoft is making further efforts to develop a more useful block chain system for its day-to-day clients. The block chain system is considered to be a basic platform for digital currency transactions.

区块链技术能够使比特币等数字货币在没有第三方参与的情况下进行安全交易。由于区块链系统需要大量的分布式数据资源，只有像微软的Azure公共云这样的平台才能够利用全球数据中心的力量，使用这种技术。

Block chain technology allows digital currencies such as Bitcoin to be traded safely without third-party involvement. Because block chain systems require significant distributed data resources, only platforms like Microsoft Azure Public Clouds can harness the power of global data centres and use this technology.

Azure区块链工程首席项目经理Marley Gray在博客文章中表示，该公司已经为区块链提供了基础云计算通道。现在是让现实世界中的企业用户更方便地在Azure区块链即服务产品上构建真实的应用程序的时候了。

In a blog post, Marley Gray, the chief project manager for the Azure block chain project, said that the company had already provided the basic cloud computing access to the block chain. It was time to make it easier for business users in the real world to build real applications on the Azure block chain, the service product.

这就是微软公司新引入的企业智能合约(Enterprise Smart Contracts)项目。

This is the new Enterprise Smart Contracts project introduced by Microsoft.

该项目能够为用户提供执行和履行合约的数据元素。

The project provides users with data elements for the execution and performance of contracts.

这些合约定义了用于区块链应用程序的不同元素，然后利用各种Azure组件，包括Azure Key Vault和Azure Active Directory来处理密钥管理、集成企业身份验证、加密证明生成等任务。区块链平台可以允许企业存储和管理自己的加密密钥，而Azure Active Directory能够对其存储的信息进行保护，禁止没有权限的访问。

These contracts define the different elements to be used for block chain applications and then use various Azure components, including Azure Key Vault and Azure Active Directory, to handle key management, integrated business identification, encryption certificate generation, etc. Block chain platforms allow businesses to store and manage their own encryption keys, while Azure Active Directory can protect the information it stores and prohibit unauthorized access.

区块链起源于比特币。2008年11月1日，中本聪发表了《比特币：一种点对点的电子现金系统》一文，比特币由此诞生。2009年1月3日第一个序号为0的比特币区块诞生，6天之后序号为1的区块也随之出现，与序号为0的创世区块相连接形成了链式结构，区块链正式诞生。

On November 1, 2008, Bintco published " Bitcoin: an electronic cash system for point-to-point ", which led to the birth of Bitcoin. On January 3, 2009, the first serial number zero was born, followed by a block number one six days later, which formed a chain structure linked to the creation block number zero, and the chain was officially born.

从本质上看，区块链技术是一种不依赖第三方、通过自身分布式节点进行网络数据的存储、验证、传递和交流的一种技术方案。简单来说，区块链等同于一个大型数据库，将其视为一本账本，在一段时间内找到记账最好最快的人，由其进行记账，之后将账本信息发给系统内所有人，所有人维护同一个账本，也就是一种典型的分布式共享的记账方法。

In essence, block chain technology is a technology that stores, authenticates, transmits and communicates network data without relying on third parties and through their own distributed nodes. In simple terms, block chains are equivalent to a large database, which is considered to be an account book for which the fastest person to record will be found over a period of time and the information will then be sent to the owners of the system, who will maintain the same account book, a typical method of distributed sharing.

2 金融行业区块链技术应用的可行性分析

2 Feasibility analysis of technology applications for block chains in the financial sector

2.1 去中心化

2.1 Decentralization

在传统交易中，我们往往通过第三方中介作为信任中心实现交易，比如消费者和商家的交易依赖于银行支付。区块链技术认为第三方信任中心的存在不仅使得交易双方缺乏信任，泄露交易双方信息，而且增加了交易费用，因而采用了点对点的直接交易方式。在这种模式之下，共识和互相信任会在交易双方进行数据交换时自动达成，不仅可以确保信息安全，与此同时有效地提高了效率并且降低交易成本。

In traditional transactions, we often do business through third-party intermediaries, such as consumer and merchant transactions dependent on bank payments. Block-chain technology believes that the existence of a third-party trust centre not only results in a lack of trust between the parties, the disclosure of information between the parties, but also increases transaction costs, thereby introducing a point-to-point approach to direct transactions.

2.2 匿名化

2.2 Anonymousization

由于采用计算机算法实现了去信任的点对点直接交易模式，各个节点之间没有必要公开自己的身份，交易双方传递信息都是通过公共地址来实现，尽管区块链上的全部数据都是公开透明的，由所有人共享，但数据并没有具体绑定到每个个体，从而有效地实现了匿名性，极大的保护了个人的隐私。

Since computer algorithms have achieved a direct point-to-point transaction mode of trust, there is no need for disclosure of identity between nodes, and both parties to the transaction transmit information through public addresses. While all data on the block chain are open and transparent and shared by all, data are not specifically tied to each individual, thus effectively achieving anonymity and protecting the privacy of the individual.

2.3 信息安全性

2.3 Information security

区块链技术下系统内部全部交易记录都自动储存在相应的数据区块当中，配合时间戳的技术，即每个区块上的记录都有发生时间和顺序，可以对每笔交易记录进行追踪查询，如果个人想要篡改，必须取得51%及以上的人认可才行，这在数据和用户量极大的现实条件下几乎是不可能实现的，因而可以有效解决交易后的纷争等问题。

All transaction records within the block chain system are automatically stored in the corresponding data blocks, in conjunction with the time-stamping technique, that is, the time and sequence of the records on each block, which allows tracking of each transaction record, and if an individual wishes to tamper with it, it must be accepted by 51 per cent or more, which is almost impossible to achieve under the most realistic conditions of data and user availability, so that post-trading disputes can be effectively resolved.

2.4 开放性

2.4 Openness

区块链的数据系统对所有人是开放的，除了每个交易方的私有信息是被加密处理之外，每个人都可以通过公共的接口查询寻找区块链数据，所以整个系统信息透明度极高，交易方获取信息更加便捷。

The block chain data system is open to all and, with the exception of the private information of each trader being encrypted, everyone can search for block chain data through public interfaces, so the system as a whole is highly transparent and the parties to the transaction have easier access to information.

3 区块链技术在金融业的主要应用

3. Key applications of block chain technology in the financial sector

“互联网+金融”的发展使得全世界范围内传统金融的业务模式发生了改变，区块链技术的发展对于社会金融体系的发展也产生了深远的影响，由其当前直销银行、互联网券商等的发展重点在于经营模式的改变，而区块链技术的发展则会使得金融业更接近其本质――信用。

The development of “Internet+finance” has led to changes in the business model of traditional finance worldwide, and the development of block-chain technology has had a profound impact on the development of the social financial system, with its current development of direct-selling banks, Internet voucher dealers, etc., focusing on changes in business models, while the development of block-chain technology will bring the financial sector closer to its essence - credit.

3.1 数字货币

3.1 Digital currency

目前，以比特币为代表的数字货币是区块链技术最为广泛，也是最为成功的应用。在比特币的基础上，衍生了莱特币、狗狗币、瑞波币等一系列竞争币。世界上曾经先后出现数千种的数字货币，目前还存在的大概有七百多种。

At present, digital currency, represented by bitcoin, is the most extensive and successful application of block-chain technology. On the basis of bitcoin, a series of competing currencies, such as Letco, Dogcoin, and Ripcoin, are derived.

数字化的货币凭借去中心化和交易相对频繁的特点，具有相对较高的交易流通价值并且能够维持相对稳定，全球区块链信用体系今后一旦形成，数字货币会得到更广泛的应用。传统的国际货币支付结算系统中，美元占据着绝对优势地位，人民币没有足够的力量去和美元直接进行竞争，但之后人民币也许可以借助数字货币的发展实现国际化。在之前召开的中央人民银行数字货币研讨会上，央行也明确了发行数字货币的战略目标，研究其多场景应用。

Digital currencies, by virtue of their relative frequency of decentralization and transactions, have relatively high transaction value and are able to maintain relative stability, and the digital currency will be used more widely in the future once a global block-chain credit system is formed. In the traditional international monetary payment settlement system, the dollar has an absolute advantage, and the renminbi does not have sufficient power to compete directly with the dollar, but it may then be internationalized with the development of digital money.

3.2 支付、转账与清算

3.2 Payments, transfers and liquidation

当前发展条件下，商业贸易的支付与清算全都依赖于传统的银行体系，这种方式进行的转账清算要经过开户行、对手行、清算组织、境外银行等多个组织参与以及十分繁冗复杂的流程，花费时间长而且使用成本高。相比之下，区块链技术在交易双方之间创造直接的付款流程从而避开繁杂的流程，能够为用户提供跨境支付以及任意币种的实时支付结算，低价而且迅速，无需任何手续费。

Under the current conditions of development, payment and liquidation of commercial trade are all dependent on the traditional banking system, whereby transfers are settled over long periods of time and at high cost through the involvement of multiple organizations, such as open-account banks, counterparty banks, liquidating organizations, offshore banks, and very cumbersome and complex processes. By contrast, block-chain technology creates direct payment processes between the parties to the transaction, thus avoiding cumbersome processes, allows users to make payments across borders and in real-time payments in any currency, at low prices and quickly without any processing fees.

在跨境支付领域，Ripple支付体系已经开始实验性应用，作为世界上第一家国际网络支付公司，其利用通用的全球基础架构连接孤立的网络，为不同的成员银行提供软件接入Ripple网络，以分布式账本的方式做到实时结算，同时，银行的交易支付信息通过加密算法进行隐藏，只有银行自身的系统可以进行追踪查询，确保了交易的安全性和私密性，提高了金融的结算效率。

In the area of cross-border payments, the Ripple payment system has begun to be applied experimentally as the first international network payer in the world, connecting isolated networks using a common global infrastructure, providing software access to the Ripple network for different member banks to enable real-time settlements in distributed accounts, while bank transaction payment information is concealed through cryptographic algorithms and only the bank's own system can trace and search, ensuring the safety and privacy of transactions and improving financial settlement efficiency.

3.3 金融基础设施

3.3 Financial infrastructure

区块链技术独特的去中心化的方式能够使得传统的中心化为特征的金融基础设施产生较大的改变。首先，股票、债券、衍生品等资产传统方式下需要在相应的信任机构进行登记、保管，区块链技术可以以全新的分布式账户对数据进行记录、保存、管理，使其无法篡改并增强市场信息的透明度和可靠性；其次，智能合约功能的发展使得货币可编程化，支付可以在特定条件下执行。比如，央行发行一种特定的数字货币，制定某种政策，只有达到条件才可以以该种数字货币支付。

The technologically unique decentralization of the block chain can make a significant difference in the traditional financial infrastructure characterized by centralization. First, the traditional way in which assets such as stocks, bonds, derivatives, etc. are registered and kept in the appropriate trust institutions, the block chain technology can record, preserve, manage data in a completely new distributed account, make it impossible to tamper with and enhance the transparency and reliability of market information; and secondly, the development of smart contract functions allows money to be programmed and paid under certain conditions. For example, central banks issue a specific digital currency and formulate a policy that can be paid in that digital currency only if the conditions are met.

3.4 银行征信管理

3.4 Bank letter management

目前，商业银行对所有信用主体包括企业和个人在进行信贷业务的开展时，最基础的考量都是借款主体本身的金融信用。商业银行会把每个主体的信用信息全部上传到中央银行的征信系统，在需要的时候，先取得客户的授权然后再从征信中心下载参考。在这种情况下无法避免的出现信息不完整、使用成本高以及数据不准确的问题。然而在区块链技术下，可以依靠相关算法自动进行信用信息的记录，然后存储在区块链系统的所有计算机上，进而客户在申请贷款时，商业银行可以在获得客户准许的情况下直接调取相应区块链上的信息完成征信工作。

At present, the most basic consideration for commercial banks in the conduct of credit operations for all credit subjects, including businesses and individuals, is that of the borrower’s own financial credit. Commercial banks upload the credit information of each subject to the central bank’s credit system and, when required, obtain a client’s authorization before downloading it from the credit collection centre. In such cases, problems of incomplete information, high cost of use, and inaccuracy of data cannot be avoided.

4 区块链技术应用的主要困难

4 Main difficulties in the application of block chain technology

从目前实践的进展来看，区块链技术在金融业的应用大多处于测试与构想阶段，距离在社会的广泛应用还面临着很多挑战。

In terms of progress in current practice, block-chain technology applications in the financial sector are mostly at the testing and conceptual stages, with many challenges ahead of its widespread application in society.

4.1 技术问题

4.1 Technical issues

目前区块链技术的发展仍然处于初步阶段，其广泛应用仍然面临许多技术问题：

The development of block chain technology is still at an early stage, and its wide application still faces many technical problems:

①没有成熟可用的直观产品。区块链应用尚处于开发状态，相比之下，互联网有浏览器和各种客户端实现信息的浏览、传递、应用。

1 There are no mature intuitive products available. Block chain applications are still under development, compared to Internet browsers and various clients to access, transmit, and apply information.

②灵活性较差。区块链的信息在写入之后将无法更改，会使得交易不可以回退。

2 The flexibility is poor. The information in the block chain cannot be changed after writing, which prevents the transaction from retreating.

③区块链的容量问题。区块链的信息是一个不断积累增加的过程，下一个区块信息会大于前一个区块，长此以往，伴随着区块的信息量不断增大，对存储空间的占用量也在不断增加，从而带来的信息验证、存储、容量问题有待解决。

Question of the capacity of the block chain. The information of the block chain is a process of increasing accumulation. The next block information will be larger than that of the previous block. Over time, the amount of information on the block has increased and the amount of space occupied by the storage space has increased, resulting in problems of information validation, storage and capacity that need to be resolved.

④安全问题突出，难以保证其安全性。区块链网络的安全性是建立在有大量的可信的节点之上，确保可信节点不被攻击是一项十分重要的挑战，与此同时也要确保用户的私钥的安全性，防止黑客攻击窃取信息。此外，还有交易时间延迟过长、确认流程等诸多问题。

The security of the block chain network is based on a large number of credible nodes, and ensuring that credible nodes are not attacked is a very important challenge, while also ensuring the security of the user’s private key and preventing hackers from attacking and stealing information. In addition, there are a number of issues, such as excessive delays in transactions and confirmation processes.

4.2 监管问题

4.2 Regulatory issues

金融领域对监管的要求是十分严格的，由其对于金融科技的前沿技术。区块链技术特有的去中心化以及自我管理和集体维护的方式改变了传统的交易模式，对政府部门的管理起到一定的冲击，也影响到法律制度的安排。此外，区块链技术的发展尚且处于初步阶段，缺少完善的体系，即使对于十分成熟的比特币，不同的国家也有不同的态度，大多数国家仍然保持谨慎观望的态度。以上问题使得在区块链发展的各项经济活动过程中可能缺乏相应的必要的规范和制约，增大市场主体所面临的风险。

In addition, the development of block-chain technology is still at an early stage, and the lack of a well-developed system, even for well-developed bitcoin and different countries, has led to a cautious approach. These problems have led to a possible lack of the necessary regulations and constraints in the development of economic activities in the block chain, increasing the risks faced by market players.

4.3 竞争压力

4.3 Competition pressures

人类社会的发展是不可估量的，虽然目前区块链技术受到青睐，但如果出现更加高效合理的技术，人们会立刻选择另外的技术。比如，区块链技术在信息传递上具有极高的安全性，只有个人才能通过私钥打开信息，而量子通信技术通过量子纠缠效应同样可以达到安全保障，并且量子技术也有了长久的发展。所以说，区块链技术也面临着来自竞争性技术的压力。

The development of human society is incalculable, although current block-chain technology is favoured, if more efficient and rational technologies are available, one immediately chooses another. For example, block-chain technology is extremely secure in the transmission of information, only individuals can open information through private keys, and quantum communication technology can also achieve security through quantum entanglement, as well as long-term development of quantum technology.

5 区块链技术的应用措施

5 Measures for the application of block chain technology

5.1 关注技术发展动向，加强对技术的研究

5.1 Focus on technological developments and enhance research on technology

区块链技术仍然处于初步发展阶段，未来技术的发展如何需要不断研究探索。

Block chain technology is still in its initial stages of development, and future technological developments will require continuous research and exploration.

为此，首先，国外技术的发展更快，我们应该密切关注国外银行和机构对于区块链的研究进展，尤其是在区块链所面临的瓶颈上的突破，不断进行应用评估，加强对外合作和交流，同时，积极参与区块链发展的国际标准和国际规则的制定，共同研究制定行业标准，取得主动权和话语权；

To this end, first of all, the development of foreign technology has accelerated, and we should pay close attention to the progress of research by foreign banks and institutions on block chains, in particular the breakthroughs in the bottlenecks faced by block chains, through continuous application assessments, enhanced external cooperation and communication, and through active participation in the development of international standards and international rules for block chain development, joint research into industry standards and the acquisition of ownership and voice;

其次，充分利用国家创新驱动战略的政策支持，推进产学研相结合，以专业的研究团队确立研究方向，通过对不同应用场景的不断测试分析，模拟建立若干区块链，探索全新技术标准；

Second, making full use of the policy support of the national innovation-driven strategy, promoting a combination of research and production, setting the direction of research with a professional research team, simulating the creation of a number of block chains and exploring new technological standards through continuous testing and analysis of different application scenarios;

再次，加大对民间区块链研究的政策支持，鼓励参与，建立区块链项目投资基金。

Thirdly, there is increased policy support for the study of the civil block chain, encouraging participation and the establishment of a block chain project investment fund.

5.2 完善对技术的监管体系

5.2 Improving the regulatory system for technology

国家监管机构对于区块链发展的态度以及规范力度对行业的发展至关重要。

The attitude of national regulators towards the development of the block chain and the level of regulation are essential to the development of the industry.

首先，区块链的发展要求与我国传统的金融监管思路有一定的矛盾，务必要加强与监管部门之间的沟通和交流，在符合监管部门需要的同时努力获得认可与支持，同时，也可以利用区块链技术的思路对监管手段和方式进行补充发展；

First, there is some contradiction between the development of the block chain and our traditional approach to financial regulation. It is important to strengthen communication and communication with the regulatory authorities and to seek recognition and support while meeting the needs of the regulatory sector, while at the same time complementing the development of regulatory instruments and modalities with the technical approach of the block chain;

其次，成立专项研究小组，加强在区块链技术领域的立法研究，加强对新技术法律法规的国际交流，出台行业规范和标准，从而限制市场上的投资活动，保障参与主体的利益，降低金融创新的风险；

Secondly, the establishment of specialized research groups to strengthen legislative research in the technical field of block chains, to strengthen international exchange of new technology laws and regulations and to introduce industry norms and standards, thereby limiting investment activities in the market, safeguarding the interests of the participants and reducing the risk of financial innovation;

中图分类号：G202 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1674-120X（2016）35-0066-02 收稿日期：2016-09-28

Central Chart Classification Number: G202 Bibliography ID Code: A Article No: 1674-120X (2016) 35-0066-02 Received: 2016-09-28

作者简介：毕瑞祥，男，北方工业大学经济管理学院副教授，管理学博士，主要研究方向：财税管理、管理信息化。

Introduction by the author: Beacon, male, Associate Professor, School of Economic Management, University of Northern Industries, Doctor of Management, Principal Research Directions: Fiscal Management, Management Informatization.

传统的审计方法是在过去几十年累计的经验中形成的，如从很多的纸质凭证中按照一定的规律抽出样本进行测试等。随着会计信息化的发展，基本上所有的行政企事业单位均实现了计算机记账，大量的会计档案以计算机数据文件的方式存在。审计方法和审计工具需要跟上会计信息化的发展趋势，如逐步建立计算机审计系统，实现计算机联网审计等。区块链技术作为一种和传统集中式数据管理方式不同的技术，具有不可篡改、分布式存储等技术优势，会逐步应用到金融、会计等领域，在此情况下，需要研究区块链如何应用在审计系统，如何提高审计系统的适应性。

Traditional methods of auditing have emerged from accumulated experience over the past decades, such as testing from samples drawn from a number of paper-based documents according to a certain pattern. As accounting information is developed, computer accounting has been achieved in virtually all administrative enterprises, and a large number of accounting files exist in the form of computerized data files. Audit methods and audit tools need to keep pace with trends in accounting information, such as the gradual development of computer auditing systems and computer-networked audits.

一、区块链概述

I. OVERVIEW OF THE LEVEL OF PARTS

区块链是去中心化的、公开透明的交易记录总账，数据库由所有的网络节点共享，由使用人更新，由所有网络节点监管[1]。区块链并非单一创新技术，而是将许多跨领域技术融合在一起，包括密码学、数学与经济学等，结合点对点网络关系，利用数学基础就能建立信任效果，成为一个不需基于彼此信任、也不需依赖单一中心化机构就能够运作的分散式系统。比特币是第一个采用区块链技术建立的一套P2P电子现金系统，用来实现一个可去中心化的数字货币系统，比特币系统可以确保交易的安全性、可追踪性。

Block chains are decentralised, open and transparent transaction records ledgers, with databases shared by all network nodes, updated by users, and regulated by all network nodes [1]. Block chains are not a single innovation technology, but rather a combination of many cross-cutting technologies, including cryptography, mathematics and economics, a network of point-to-point relationships, using a mathematical base to build confidence and a decentralized system that does not operate on mutual trust or reliance on a single centralized institution. Bitcoin is the first P2P electronic cash system to be developed using block chain technology to achieve a decentralized digital money system that ensures the security and traceability of transactions.

区块链可以分为交易（Transaction）与区块（Block）两个部分。以一笔比特币交易为例来分析区块链的运作流程，在比特币区块链中，当一笔交易经由某个节点产生时，这笔交易需要被传送给其他节点来作验证。做法是将交易资料经签章加密并经由Hash函数得出一串代表此交易的唯一Hash值后，再将这个Hash值广播（Broadcast）给比特币区块链网络中的其他参与节点进行验证。每个节点会将数笔未验证的交易Hash值收集到区块中，每个区块可以包含数百笔或上千笔交易。各节点通过工作量证明（POW）的方法来决定谁可以验证交易，由最快算出结果的节点来验证交易。取得验证权的节点将区块广播给所有节点。其他节点会确认这个区块所包含的交易是否有效，确认这个区块有效后，接受该区块，此时这个区块才正式接上区块链，无法再修改资料。所有节点一旦接受该区块后，先前没算完POW的区块会失效，各节点会重新建立一个区块，继续下一个区块验证工作。区块链通过这种区块接收和验证方式，有效实现了对数据的分布式管理，实现了去中心化应用，这对传统的数据集中管理模式是个全新的挑战。

The chain of blocks can be divided into two parts: transaction (Transaction) and block (Block). A bitcoin transaction is used as an example to analyse the flow of operations of the block chain. In a bitcoin block chain, the transaction needs to be transmitted for validation to other nodes when the transaction is generated through a particular node. By encrypting the transaction information and producing a single Hash value from the Hash function, the Hash broadcast to other participating nodes in the Bitcot block network. Each node collects the unverified transaction Hash value to the node, each contains hundreds or thousands of transactions.

二、区块链在审计系统中的作用

II. The role of block chains in the audit system

1.实现自动化审计

1. Automating audits

区块链技术可以建立分布式总账系统，对一笔交易能够记录其来源和去处，还能记录业务发生的原始依据。如在企业中一笔产品销售的业务，在企业的财务账中会进行复式账登记，借贷方分别记录货币资金和产品销售收入的变化，使用区块链后，企业在记录这笔经济业务借贷方的同时，可以记录这笔业务的凭据-发票，通过记录这笔经济业务的全部信息，提高了记账过程的透明性，使审计进程更快速、更低耗，从而可以实现自动化审计。著名的全球四大会计师事务所中的德勤、普华永道、安永三家都重金押注区块链技术研究。如德勤从2014年起就成立了专门的团队对其应用和开发进行研究，其开发的Rubix平台允许客户基于区块链的基础设施创建各种应用，并且也与部分银行、企业合作成功创建了区块链应用解决方案，可以实现和财务系统对接，建立一个全球性的分布式账簿，便于审计。

The block chain technology allows for the establishment of a distributed master record system to record the origin and whereabouts of a transaction and the original basis for the operation. For example, in the case of a sale of a product in an enterprise, a double-entry register is performed in the enterprise’s financial accounts, with borrowers recording changes in the income from the sale of monetary funds and products separately, and when the block chain is used, the enterprise can record the evidence-invoices of the business, by recording all the information on the business, by making the audit process more transparent and less expensive.

2.降低审计成本

2. Reducing audit costs

通过计算机网络技术在审计工作中的不断应用，计算机联网审计成为主要的审计方式。计算机联网审计的成本可分成一次性成本和经常性成本两部分，包括人员成本、硬件维护成本、软件维护成本、耗材成本、风险控制费用、其他费用等[2]。由于计算机硬件、软件等不断升级换代，计算机联网审计成本较高。如果应用区块链技术，被审计信息分布存储在区块链节点上，不需要中心服务器进行大量的数据处理，对计算机服务器硬件和数据库软件的要求降低，就降低了计算机联网审计的硬件维护成本和软件维护成本。

Computer network audits are the main audit mode through the ongoing application of computer network technology in audits. The costs of computer network audits can be divided into one-time costs and recurrent costs, including personnel costs, hardware maintenance costs, software maintenance costs, fuel consumption costs, risk control costs, other costs, etc. [2]. Computer network audits are more costly as a result of continuous upgrading of computer hardware, software, etc. If the application of block-link technology is stored on sector chain nodes, there is no need for extensive data processing by central servers, reduced requirements for computer server hardware and database software, reduced hardware maintenance costs and software maintenance costs for computer network audits.

通过区块链可以记录原始业务凭证信息，可以减少原始凭证等材料的收集，降低审计成本。如一个组织在保证财务支出合规的过程中，需要做大量的工作。如一个学校规定教师报销书费时，需要提供报销发票和销售单位的明细小票，如果发票金额超过100元，需要通过学校提供的公务卡支付，报销时需要提供公务卡的支付明细表。教师在网上购买书籍，网站可能没有提供销售时的明细小票，教师需要熟悉发卡银行的网上银行系统，以便打印公务卡的支付明细表，京东商城等电子商务网站规定100元以下要收取运费。考虑到这些细节，如何买书、如何报销都需要教师认真准备，耗费较多精力。从学校的制度定看，主要是为了加强财务监督，保证资金支出按规则进行。但这些允许教师报销的金额不高的业务成为教师的鸡肋，不报销可惜，如报销，付出的综合成本几乎超过报销的金额。如果结合区块链的不可篡改等特性，销售单位在发生销售业务时直接把销售信息登记在区块链系统上，需要验证这些经济业务的真实性时，相关单位可以直接进入区块链系统查看，减少了一些费用的报销环节和提供的报销资料，降低了报销环节的时间成本和人力成本，降低了审计成本。

The raw business voucher information can be recorded through the block chain, which reduces the collection of materials such as original vouchers and reduces audit costs. For example, an organization needs to do a great deal of work in the process of ensuring compliance with financial expenditures. For example, when a school sets out the cost of reimbursement of books for teachers, it is necessary to provide details of invoices and sales units. If the amount of invoices exceeds $100, it is necessary to pay through the official card provided by the school, and a schedule of payment of the official card. Teachers buy books online, the website may not provide detailed tickets at the time of sale. Teachers need to be familiar with the online banking system of the issuing bank in order to print the payment details of the official card, and the electronic commerce website, such as Cantonese Business City, imposes freight charges of up to $100.

应用区块链技术后，企业不需要招聘专门审计人员来公司内部审核账本，所有交易可以集中记录储存在内部区块链，由于区块链具有不可逆性和时间戳功能，会计事务所等外部审计人员和监管机构通过跟踪这些区块链可以实时监控公司账本，将会明显提升审计工作效率，有效降低审计人力成本。

With the application of block chain technology, enterprises do not need to recruit specialized auditors to check the books within the company, all transactions can be centrally recorded in the internal block chain, which can be monitored in real time by external auditors and regulators, such as accounting firms, owing to the irreversibility of the block chain and the time stamping function, and will significantly improve the efficiency of the audit work and effectively reduce the cost of auditing manpower by tracking these block links.

3.实现事前预警，防患风险发生

3. Pre-emptive warning and risk prevention

通过应用信息技术等，可以把审计活动前移，实现事前预警，提前防止风险的发生。如在保险业务中的投保人风险管理业务， 在日常的保险经营中，保险公司和投保人的纠纷时有发生，原因可能是投保人提供虚假的个人信息骗保，或者投保人和保险公司双方对免责条款的认定不一致等。要解决这些问题需要建立可信的投保人信息管理系统。随着个人征信系统等权威信息系统的建设和使用，为验证个人信息等提供了可信的数据源。如果能够把这些数据存储在区块链上，将成为伴随每一个人的数字身份，这上面的数据真实可信，无法篡改，实时同步，终身有效，将给投保人的风险管理带来较大的益处。

By applying information technology, among other things, audit activities can be moved forward, prior warning can be achieved, and risks can be prevented in advance. For example, in the case of risk management operations for insured persons in insurance operations, disputes between insurance companies and insured persons occur in daily insurance operations, either because the insured person provides false personal information, or because of inconsistencies in the terms of exemption between the policyholder and the insurance company. These problems require the establishment of a credible information management system for insured persons. With the construction and use of authoritative information systems, such as personal mail systems, credible data sources such as verification of personal information are provided.

4.实现事中监督，加强风险控制

4. Implementation of on-the-spot oversight to enhance risk control

传统审计重点是事后检查分析，如果能够有效实现事中监督，就会加强风险控制。如果一个集团企业把成员单位的采购信息和销售信息等加入区块链系统，集团总部可以随时监控集团企业的生产运营情况，通过O置一定的监控分析指标，随时发现一些经营异常的行为，可以有效实现事中监督，降低事后审计面临的问题风险。如保险公司的风险监督业务，如果保险公司将日常运营流程搬到区块链上，并向监管机构开放一个记账节点，监管机构就可以实时观察到保险公司的全部业务动向，及时发现可能存在的业务风险和违规操作。

The traditional audit focus is on ex post facto analysis, which enhances risk control if monitoring is effectively achieved. If a group enterprise integrates procurement and sales information from its member units into a block chain system, the group headquarters can monitor the operations of the group at any time, detect operational anomalies through O-based monitoring and analysis indicators, and effectively achieves monitoring and mitigates the risks faced by the ex post audits. For example, insurance companies'risk monitoring operations, and if insurance companies move their day-to-day operations to the block chain and open a booking node to the regulator, regulators can observe in real time the full course of operations of the insurance company and identify possible operational risks and irregularities in a timely manner.

三、促进区块链在审计中应用的策略

III. Strategies to promote the use of block chains in audits

1.加强区块链技术研究，促进区块链技术成熟

1. Strengthen technical research on block chains to facilitate technological maturity of block chains

区块链技术已经在金融领域的比特币中得到成功应用，但区块链技术在普及应用前仍面临较多挑战。如区块链在面对大量交易的承载和可扩展性问题。如支付宝、微信支付等金融服务业务，他们的交易量往往是海量的，区块链是否能和市场的海量交易需求相结合是个关键。目前还无法证实区块链能够解决过多数据量的问题。要在区块链开发企业、高校和研究所等机构间建立研发同盟，加大资金投入，加强区块链技术的研发，促使区块链技术能够解决面临的各类隐患、在技术上早日完善和成熟，解决大家担心和关注的关键技术问题。

Block-chain technology has been successfully applied in bitcoin in the financial field, but block-chain technology still faces more challenges before widespread application. Block-chain technology, for example, faces problems of carrying and scalability of a large number of transactions. Financial services such as payment treasures, micro-credit payments, etc., are often traded in large quantities, and the ability of block-chains to combine with market-based trade needs is critical.

2.研究区块链应用的监管问题

2. Study on regulatory aspects of block chain applications

区块链是一种分布式、去中心化技术解决方案，在此基础上出现了比特币等数字货币应用，但对数字货币体系如何监管还需要充分研究。在未来，如果整个社会上并存多种区块链系统，比如说比特币链，以太链、太一链等区块链系统，如何实现对这些区块链系统的有效监管是个需要重点研究的问题。在应用区块链技术建立审计业务系统方面，要研究从区块链提取审计数据的全面性、可靠性、保密性等问题，确保应用区块链等新技术的审计系统能够健康运行。

In the future, effective regulation of block chain systems is a priority issue. In the application of block chain technology to an audit business system, the comprehensiveness, reliability, and confidentiality of the audit system for extracting audit data from a block chain will need to be studied to ensure that the audit system for applying new technologies, such as a block chain, can function well.

3.加强和区块链技术相关的专利等知识产权的保护

3. Enhancing the protection of intellectual property rights such as patents related to block chain technology

从目前区块链的基础技术研究看，国外比国内领先明显。国外一些机构积极把研究和实践结果申请专利，如美国银行一次性就申请了70多项区块链专利。国内已经有区块链研究机构和企业在申请区块链方面的专利。未来需要加强和区块链技术相关的专利保护，促进区块链基层技术研究和应用。

Some institutions abroad have been active in patenting research and practical results, such as the United States Bank, which has applied for more than 70 block chain patents. There are already block chain research institutions and firms in the country that have patented block chain applications. In the future, there is a need to strengthen patent protection related to block chain technology, and to promote the research and application of block chain technology at the grass-roots level.

4.加快熟悉区块链和审计知识的复合型人才培养

4. Accelerating complex talent development with knowledge of block chains and audit knowledge

国内区块链技术应用面临的一个关键问题就是人才极度匮乏，一方面缺乏能够对区块链底层技术进行研发的人才，另一方面既了解区域链技术又了解产业知识的复合人才也很缺乏。要通过多种方式加强区块链人才的培养，如高校联合区块链企业建立区块链实验室，针对一些审计方面的专业人才开设一些区块链技术培训班等。

One of the key problems facing the application of block chain technologies in the country is the scarcity of human resources, both in terms of a combination of knowledge of regional chain technologies and knowledge of industry. The development of block chain skills needs to be strengthened in a number of ways, such as the establishment of block chain laboratories by joint college block chain enterprises, and technical training courses on block chain skills for some audit professionals.

5.建立审计区块链应用生态系统

5. Establishment of an audit block chain application ecosystem

目前，中国的很多区块链公司主要在国外区块链系统基础上进行二次开发，能够独立进行区块链底层技术开发的公司较少。从区块链的长远应用角度，中国国内企业应从中国区块链领域知识产权自主性发展的战略高度，加强对区块链基础技术的研发，各企业间开放融合、共同发展。一项信息技术要能够推广应用，需要建立一个涉及产品设计、产品研发、产品应用、产品服务等的生态链系统。区块链在审计应用方面，需要国内的区块链创新企业合作共赢，逐步建立一个涉及审计区块链技术研究、审计区块链系统开发、审计区块链系统实施服务等区块链生态链系统，共同推动区块链在审计业务上实现规模化应用，提升中国在国际区块链技术创新竞争中的地位。

At present, many of China’s block-chain companies are engaged in secondary development, mainly on the basis of a system of block chains abroad. Fewer companies are able to independently develop block-chain technologies. From the perspective of the long-term application of the block-chain, Chinese domestic enterprises should step up their research and development of basic block-chain technology from the strategic point of view of autonomous development of intellectual property rights in the area of block-chains in China, open integration and joint development among enterprises.

显然金融是区块链技术最早，也是应用得相对成熟的领域。这与区块链技术天然就是账本的特性直接相关。然而这远远未挖掘出区块链技术作为一种平台技术、数据库技术的优势以及充分利用此种技术优势在各个领域和场景下应用的可能性。也即区块链的短期价值被高估，而长期影响却被低估（何宝宏博士语）。

It is clear that finance is the earliest technology in block chains, and it is also an area of relatively mature application. This is directly related to the nature of block chain technologies, which are naturally sourcebooks.

如今，互联网已经改变了整个世界，而互联网技术当中还在不断涌现出各种让人应接不暇的新技术。在这些新技术当中，作为底层技术的区块链将发挥最长远最广泛的影响。

Today, the Internet has transformed the world, and new technologies are emerging that are overwhelming. Among these new technologies, the chain of blocks that serve as bottom technologies will have the broadest impact in the long run.

技术篇：认识区块链技术

Technical Title: Understanding Block Chain Technology

（一）区块链技术是什么

(i) What is the block chain technology?

区块链最早由密码学家“中本聪”(Satoshi nakamoto)于2008年提出，目前行业公认的区块链定义是：

The block chain was first proposed by the cryptographer Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 and is currently recognized by industry as:

区块链是一种按照时间顺序，将数据区块以链条的方式组合成特定数据结构，并以密码学方式保证的不可篡改和不可伪造的去中心化共享账本，能够安全存储简单的、有先后关系的、能在系统内验证的数据。

The block chain is a chain-specific data structure that combines the data blocks in chronological order, and is a cryptographicly guaranteed non-frozen and non-frozen decentralised shared ledger that allows for the safe storage of simple, sequentially relevant data that can be validated within the system.

区块链本质上就是一个账本，可以让互不信任的人，在没有权威中间机构的介入下，充分信任对方来进行信息与价值互换。

The block chain is essentially an account book that allows people who do not trust each other to have full trust in each other for information and value swaps without the involvement of authoritative intermediaries.

区块链是分布式数据储存、点对点传输、共识机制、加密算法等计算机技术在互联网时代的创新应用模式。

Block chains are innovative applications of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, encryption algorithms, etc. in the Internet age.

（二）区块链技术为什么会有如此长远而广泛的影响

(ii) Why block chain technology has such a long-term and wide-ranging impact

区块链技术具有以下六大特征，正是这六大技术特征使得区块链具备了革命性颠覆性技术的特质：

The following six characteristics of block chain technology have been identified:

去中心化：由于使用分布式核算和存储技术，不存在中心化的硬件或管理机构，任意节点的权利和义务都是均等的，系统中的数据块由整个系统中具有维护功能的节点来共同维护。任一节点停止工作都不会影响系统整体的运作。

Decentralization: Because of the use of distributed accounting and storage techniques, there is no centralized hardware or regulatory body, rights and obligations are equal at any node, and data blocks in the system are maintained by nodes with maintenance functions throughout the system.

开放性：系统是开放的，除了交易各方的私有信息被加密外，区块链的数据对所有人公开，任何人都可以通过公开的接口查询区块链数据和开发相关应用。

Openness: The system is open and, with the exception of private information of the parties to the transaction being encrypted, the data in the block chain are made available to all and anyone can access the block chain data and develop relevant applications through an open interface.

自治性：区块链采用基于协商一致的规范和协议，使得整个系统中的所有节点能够在去信任的环境里自由安全地交换数据，使得对“人”的信任改成了对机器和技术的信任。

Autonomy: By adopting consensus-based norms and agreements in the block chain, all nodes throughout the system are able to freely and safely exchange data in an environment of trust, and trust in the “human person” has been transformed into trust in machinery and technology.

匿名性：由于节点之间的交换遵循固定的算法，其数据交互无需以信任为背书，因此交易对手无须公开身份。

Anonymous: Since exchanges between nodes follow a fixed algorithm, their data interactions need not be endorsed by trust, so that the counterparty does not have to disclose his or her identity.

可编程：分布式账本的数字性质意味着区块链交易可以关联到计算逻辑，并且本质上是可编程的。因此，用户可以设置自动触发节点之间交易的算法和规则。

Programming: The digital nature of distributed accounts means that block chain transactions can be linked to computational logic and are programmed in essence. Users can therefore set algorithms and rules for automatically triggering transactions between nodes.

可追溯：区块链通过区块数据结构存储了创世区块后的所有历史数据，区块链上的任一一条数据皆可通过链式结构追溯其本源。

Retroactivity: The block chain stores all historical data after the creation block through the block data structure, and any data on the block chain can be traced back to its source through the chain structure.

区块链的信息通过共识并添加至区块链后，就被所有节点共同记录，并通过密码学保证前后互相关联，篡改的难度与成本非常高。

Once the information in the block chain is agreed upon and added to the block chain, it is recorded together by all nodes and is linked to each other through cryptography, which makes tampering very difficult and costly.

深刻地理解区块链技术这六大特征，可以更好地在文创产业中挖掘区块链技术应用的价值。

A deep understanding of these six characteristics of block chain technology can better exploit the value of block chain technology applications in the creative industries.

价值篇：区块链技术在文创产业发展中的价值

Value section: Value of block chain technology in creative industrial development

技术是解决法律问题的重要路径。

Technology is an important way to solve legal problems.

互联网领域中，技术可以高效解决某些传统法律问题；对于法律无法及时作出回应的新业态，技术就是产业规范，是法律的重要补充。

In the area of the Internet, technology could efficiently solve certain traditional legal problems; it was an important complement to the new business that the law could not respond in a timely manner.

（一）盗版是文创产业的致命伤

(i) Piracy is a fatal injury to the literary industry

文创产业包括了影视、文学、动漫、音乐、视频、游戏等以及其相关的数字形式，涉及内容的生产、复制、流通和传播等主要环节。

The creative industries include films, literature, comics, music, video, games, etc. and their related digital forms, covering the main components of the production, reproduction, circulation and dissemination of content.

在“互联网＋”时代，文创产业迎来了新的发展机遇，但也遇到了不少挑战。互联网的网络效应、快速传输、低成本性，加上各种盗版技术的层出不穷，使文创产业面临着盗版猖獗的挑战。

In the “Internet+” era, the creative industry has opened up new development opportunities, but it has also faced many challenges. The Internet’s network effects, rapid transmission, low cost, coupled with the proliferation of pirated technologies, have confronted the creative industry with the challenge of piracy.

网络盗版给文创产业带来了的巨大经济损失是有目共睹的。

The enormous economic damage caused by cyberpiracy to the literary industry is well known.

首先，网络盗版直接带来的是诸如工作流失、版权价值缩水、损失大量优秀作品的负面影响；其次，由于网络盗版内容的低俗，加上虚假广告、木马病毒、作品质量低下等特点，劣质内容也给用户体验带来极坏的体验，影响消费者对正版作品的感受，造成版权市场的恶性循环。

First, Internet piracy has a direct negative impact, such as job loss, reduced copyright value, loss of a large number of excellent works; and, second, poor quality content also brings a very bad experience to users, affecting consumers'perception of the original work and creating a vicious circle in the copyright market, owing to the low popularity of Internet piracy content, coupled with false advertising, wooden horse viruses and low quality of work.

原本随着知识经济的兴起，IP本应成为文创产业的核心竞争力要素。但当下互联网产业生态圈里知识产权侵权现象依然严重，网络著作权官司纠纷频发，原创盗版遍地、举证困难、维权成本过高等问题成为文创产业的尖锐痛点。

With the emergence of the knowledge economy, IP should have been the core element of competitiveness in the creative industry. But intellectual property rights abuses in the current Internet industry's biosphere are still serious, with disputes over online copyrights and problems of piracy, evidentiary difficulties, and excessive costs of advocacy becoming acute for the creative industry.

此外，对于飞速发展的互联网产业，法律不可避免地存在滞后性，一些新型业态无法获得著作权法权利体系下的保护，在转而寻求反不正当竞争法保护的同时，却存在评价标准不一的不确定性。

Moreover, the law inevitably lags behind in the fast-growing Internet industry, as some new practices do not have access to protection under the copyright rights regime, and there is uncertainty about evaluation criteria while turning to anti-undue competition law protection.

网络盗版如同溃堤之蚁，可以撼动整个文创产业赖以生存的根基，因此，在传统的法律法规政策、司法保护、行政执法、行业自律以及企业内部规制之外，前沿技术特别是区块链技术的发展给文创产业的痛点带来了新的解决思路。

Cyberpiracy, like ants on dykes, can shake the very foundations on which the entire creative industry depends for its survival. Thus, beyond traditional legal and regulatory policies, judicial protection, administrative enforcement, industry self-regulation and intra-firm regulation, the development of cutting-edge technology, especially block chain technology, has brought new solutions to the distress of the creative industry.

（二）区块链提供的解决思路和价值

(ii) Solutions and values provided by the block chain

规范和技术是解决法律问题的两种进路，当法律事后规制的成本较高时，区块链技术提供了更低成本更有效率的进路。

Regulation and technology are two paths to solving legal problems, and block chain technology provides a more cost-effective and efficient way forward when the costs of post-legal regulation are higher.

对于目前文创产业存在的各种法律问题，例如新型的盗版模式使得盗版行为更加分散化、隐蔽化，打击难度更大；网络盗版各环节更加细分，责任认定难度更大；用户的正版化意识未能与正版化进程一起提高等问题，区块链技术也许可以提供一种更低成本更有效率的解决思路。

Block chain technology may provide a more cost-effective solution to the various legal problems existing in the creative industry, such as the new pirate model, which makes piracy more decentralized, hidden and difficult to combat; the fragmentation of Internet piracy links, with greater difficulty in identifying responsibilities; and the failure of users to increase their awareness of orthopaedic processes.

使用区块链技术，可以通过时间戳、哈希算法对作品进行确权，证明一段文字、视频、音频等存在性、真实性和唯一性。

Using block chain technology, work can be authenticated by time stamping, Hashi algorithms, proving the existence, authenticity and uniqueness of a text, video, audio, etc.

一旦在区块链上被确权，作品的后续交易都会被实时记录，文创产业的全生命周期可追溯、可追踪，这为IP权利证明、司法取证等提供了一种强大的技术保障和可信度很强的证据。

Once empowered on the block chain, subsequent transactions of works are recorded in real time, and the entire life cycle of the creative industry is traceable and traceable, providing a strong technical guarantee and credible evidence of IP proof of rights, judicial evidence, etc.

具体而言，首先，IP是文化娱乐创意的核心，利用区块链技术，能将文创产业的各个环节进行有效整合、加速流通，缩短价值创造周期，实现IP的价值转移，并保证转移过程的可审计、可信度和透明度。

In particular, IP is at the heart of cultural and recreational creativity, using block-chain technology that effectively integrates, accelerates circulation, shortens value creation cycles, achieves IP value transfer and ensures auditability, credibility and transparency in the transfer process.

其次，基于区块链的政策监管、行业自律和民间个人等多层次的信任共识与激励机制，同时通过安全验证节点、平行传播节点、交易市场节点、消费终端制造等基础设施建设，不断提升文创行业的存储与计算能力，有助于文创产业全面进入数字化内容生产及传播时代。

Secondly, multi-layered consensus and incentives for trust, such as block-chain-based policy regulation, industry self-regulation and private individuals, while building infrastructure such as security validation nodes, parallel dissemination nodes, trading market nodes, consumer end-making and so on, constantly improves the storage and computing capabilities of the creative industries, helping the creative industries to fully enter the age of digital content production and dissemination.

另外，文创产业的盗版问题也可以通过基于区块链技术的供应链途径来解决。可以不断加强权利持有人与标准组织和安全解决方案提供商等主要行为者之间的合作，以促进可追踪性技术的传播，并支持区块链等新追溯和认证系统的出现。

In addition, piracy in the creative industry can be addressed through a supply chain approach based on block chain technologies. Cooperation between rights holders and key actors, such as standard organizations and security solution providers, can be continuously strengthened to facilitate the dissemination of traceability technologies and to support the emergence of new traceability and certification systems, such as block chains.

通过记录资产、交易和参与者，这种共享数字分类账本提供了关于IP来源和历史流转的信息，使IP更容易地被追踪和认证。

By recording assets, transactions and participants, this shared digital ledger provides information on IP sources and historical flows, making IP more easily tracked and authenticated.

因此如何使用区块链技术来加强供应链的透明度并更好地保护IP是文创产业可以重点考虑的问题。

The use of block chain technologies to enhance the transparency of supply chains and to better protect IPs is therefore a priority for the industry.

区块链技术不仅在抑制盗版方面有突出的作用，更重要的是，区块链技术的价值可以贯穿文创产业的全产业链。

Block chain technology not only plays a prominent role in curbing piracy, but, more importantly, the value of block chain technology can cut across industry-wide chains.

应用篇：区块链在文创产业的应用及落地场景

Application section: The use of block chains in the creative industry and landing scenes

（一）区块链技术贯穿文创产业的全产业链

(i) Block chain technology cuts through the entire industry chain of the creative industries

区块链在文创产业的应用主要围绕着四个领域展开的：区块链＋内容生产，区块链＋内容流通，区块链＋内容交易，区块链＋内容维权。

The use of block chains in the creative industry revolves around four areas: block chain + content production, block chain + content circulation, block chain + content trading, block chain + content rights.

区块链＋内容生产：利用区块链技术对共同创作作品数据的追踪、确认和审计，有效地减少共享主体之间的信息不对称问题，以实现基于区块链的创意产业的生产、交易、投资平台。创造一个人人可以创作、交易、传播、消费、众筹的信息共享和价值交换的平台。

Block chain + content production: Using block chain technology to track, validate and audit data on common creations, effectively reduce information asymmetries among shared subjects in order to achieve production, trade and investment platforms for creative industries based on block chains. Create a platform for information sharing and value exchange that everyone can create, trade, disseminate, consume, and raise.

区块链＋内容流通：基于区块链特性和虚拟市场规则，使得消费者能够参与内容创作、生产、传播、众筹和消费的全流程，而不需要依靠第三方平台的信用背书。

Block chain + content flow: based on block chain characteristics and virtual market rules, allowing consumers to participate in the full process of content creation, production, dissemination, crowd-sourcing and consumption without relying on a credit endorsement from a third-party platform.

基于区块链技术的价值传输特点，内容产业可以在版权交易和游戏道具场景交易平台上发行、交易数字资产（类似于token）。基于不可篡改、分布式的特点，建立在区块链技术之上的版权和游戏道具交易不仅能促进交易的安全、透明，融合现实和虚拟之间的界限，能对游戏和版权市场带来颠覆性的影响。

On the basis of the value transfer characteristics of block chain technology, the content industry can issue and trade digital assets (similar to totoken) on copyright trading and props trading platforms. On the basis of immutable and distributed characteristics, copyright and props trading, based on block chain technology, not only promotes security, transparency, integration of the boundaries between reality and virtuality, can have a destabilizing effect on the games and copyright markets.

区块链＋内容交易：利用区块链技术，使音乐、电影、文字作品等内容产业数据的生产、传播、许可、交易等过程公开化和透明化，跨过出版商和发行商，创作者可以直接在区块链平台上发表、推广或交易作品，直接获得报酬。

Block chain + content trade: Using block chain technology, the process of production, dissemination, licensing, trading, etc. of content industry data, such as music, film, writing, etc., is made open and transparent, and across publishers and distributors, creators can be paid directly for publishing, promoting or trading works on block chain platforms.

利用区块链技术，添加信任的确权节点，进行IP及其相关权利的交易，以及权益分配等功能，可解决交易不透明、内容不公开等问题。

The non-transparent nature of transactions and the non-disclosure of content can be addressed through the use of block chain technology, the addition of trusted true rights nodes, the trading of IPs and their associated rights, and the distribution of interests.

区块链＋内容维权：利用区块链分布式数据存储、加密算法等技术对交易数据共识签名后上链，不仅可以进行一般的文件存储，而且可以通过实时保全的数据通过智能合约形成证据链，满足证据真实性、合法性、关联性的要求，促进证据及审判的标准化。

Block chain + content rights: Use techniques such as block chain distributed data storage, encryption algorithms, etc., to bring up a consensual signature of transactional data, which not only allows for general document storage, but also enables data to be preserved in real time to form a chain of evidence through an intelligent contract that meets the requirements of authenticity, legitimacy, relevance of evidence, and promotes the standardization of evidence and trials.

（二）区块链技术在文创产业的落地场景

(ii) Location of block chain technology in the commercial industry

1、内容生产—共创平台语戏app

1. Content production - co-inventing platform speech app

语戏app是基于亚流行文化社群“语言 Cos”而创建的基于区块链技术的app，主要解决的是许多作者共同创作的文字 Cosplay 一段情节、故事的知识产权问题。

The caption, created on the basis of block chain technology based on the “Language Cos” of the sub-popular cultural community, addresses the intellectual property rights of many authors who have co-authored a story about the context of the Cosplay chapter.

创作模式是在语戏这个app中，创作者共同创建、整理、cosplay、存放、沉淀、考核某个剧本或故事，最后汇总成为一个令人满意的作品。

The pattern of creation is that the creators create, organize, cosplay, store, sequester, evaluate a script or story in the context of the play app, and then combine it into a satisfactory work.

最后这些作品独家授权给平台，语戏平台卖给影视、文化公司后将收益按区块链记录中每个人的贡献分配给各个共同创作者。

Finally, these works are authorized exclusively to the platform, which is sold to video and cultural companies and distributes the proceeds to the co-authors according to the contributions of each person in the chain of blocks.

区块链技术解决的问题是：取代了依托于旧的QQ群及贴吧的生产过程中所需要的人为处理成本，区块链平台基于算法直接统计每个人在每部戏中贡献的内容占全作品的比例，而且平台的不可更改性更能保护共同创作者的利益。

The problem with block chain technology is that it replaces the human treatment costs required in the production of the old QQ group and sticker bar, that the block chain platform is based on algorithms that directly measure the proportion of each person's contribution to the entire work, and that the unalterable nature of the platform protects the interests of the co-authors.

2、内容流通—版权流通平台Primas项目

II. CONTACT DISTRIBUTION - THE PRIMAS PROJECT

Primas项目致力于将区块链技术应用在数字版权领域，打造国内首个在版权领域商业化落地的区块链产品。希望从根本上颠覆洗稿的游戏规则，重新书写媒体传播的法则。

The Primas project aims to apply block chain technology to digital copyright and to create the country’s first block chain product commercialized in the copyright field.

Primas的运行模式是建立完整的DNA体系和溯源机制，其核心是内容数字指纹识别，通过密码学与区块链技术，将创作者认证的作品及认证时间、作者信息、可信时间戳共同加密，生成一段唯一的八位码，这样不管之后内容“流窜”到哪个地方，都有根源可以追寻。

Primas operates in the form of a complete DNA system and a back-to-back mechanism, with content digital fingerprinting at its core, co-encryption of the author's authenticated works and authentication time, author's information, and a credible time stamp, through cryptography and block chain technology, creating a single eight-digit code, so that there is a source that can be traced wherever the content “floating” follows.

区块链技术解决的主要是类似于版权登记和公示的问题，不再需要中心化数据库下的检索比对，只需直接溯源就能确定权利人的最终版权，但是可能会涉及到盗版确权的问题。

Block chain technology addresses mainly issues similar to copyright registration and publicity, no longer requires a search match under a centralized database, and only direct traceability is required to determine the final copyright of the rightsholder, but it may involve piracy.

3、内容交易—版权交易平台Cfun项目

3. Content trading - copyright trading platform Cfun project

Cfun平台是基于全球公有链量子链开发的一个去中心化的应用(DApp)，用来记录作者的作品，同时获取用户行为数据，意在建立一个全球的协同创作生态，同时促进IP的全球实时交易。

The Cfun platform is a decentralized application (DApp) based on the development of global public chain quantum chains to record authors'works, while acquiring user behaviour data with the intention of creating a global co-creation ecology and facilitating global real-time IP transactions.

运行模式主要是通过区块链技术，第一层是多个内容创作者共同创作作品，将内容卖给最终的IP买家。第二层是将包括作者信息和粉丝行为数据等所有的创作日志记录在区块链上，以便对数据进行追踪、确认和审计。

The mode of operation is mainly through block chain technology, the first level being the co-production of works by multiple content creators, which sells the content to the final IP buyer. The second level is that all creation logs, including author information and fan behavior data, are recorded on block chains for data tracking, validation and auditing.

最后通过使用准确的用户行为数据，CFun计划利用算法将IP和买家相匹配，通过智能合约计算每个内容创作者在每笔IP交易中的贡献，以实现IP的自动交易。

Finally, by using accurate user behaviour data, CFun plans to use algorithms to match IP with buyers and calculate the contribution of each content creator in each IP transaction through an intelligent contract to achieve an automated IP transaction.

区块链技术解决的问题是保障版权交易过程中的确权、共创版权人的版权收益分配等问题，并保证版权交易和游戏道具场景交易更安全。

Block chain technology addresses issues such as secure rights in copyright transactions, distribution of copyright proceeds for co-authors, and safer trading of copyrights and props.

4、内容维权—电子存证平台“仲裁链”项目

Content defence - the “arbitration chain” project of the electronic record-keeping platform

“仲裁链”是由微众银行联合广州仲裁委、杭州亦笔科技三方基于区块链技术搭建，是基于FISCO BCOS的区块链底层平台，在司法领域的真正落地，并于2018年2月制作了首份区块链裁决书而完成价值验证。

The “Arbitration Chain” was built by the Microbanks, in association with the Guangzhou Arbitration Board, and Hangzhou, also in technology, on the basis of block chain technology. It is based on the FISCO BCOS platform, which is the bottom of the block chain and is truly in the judicial field. In February 2018, the first block chain award was produced and its value validated.

运行模式是当某项业务发生时，用户的身份验证结果和业务操作证据的HASH均记录到区块链。当需要仲裁时，后台人员只需点击一个按键，相应的证据便会传输至仲裁机构的仲裁平台上。

The mode of operation is that, when an operation takes place, the user’s identification results and the HASH evidence of the operation are recorded in the block chain. When arbitration is required, the back-office person only clicks on a key, and the corresponding evidence is transmitted to the arbitration platform of the arbitral institution.

仲裁机构收到数据后与区块链节点存储数据进行校验，确认证据真实、合法有效后，依据网络仲裁规则依法裁决并出具仲裁裁决书。

Upon receipt of the data, the arbitral institution verifies the data stored at the block chain node, confirming that the evidence is authentic and legally valid, and decides in accordance with the rules of cyber-arbitration and issues an arbitral award.

区块链解决的问题是基于区块链多中心化、防篡改、可信任特征，利用分布式数据存储、加密算法等技术对交易数据共识签名后上链，实时保全的数据通过智能合约形成证据链，满足证据真实性、合法性、关联性的要求，实现证据及审判的标准化，让“仲裁链”充当“第三方电子数据存证平台”。

The issue to be addressed in the block chain is based on the multi-centralization of the block chain, tamper-proofing, trustable features, the use of technology such as distributed data storage, encryption algorithms, etc. for the uplink of a consensual signature of transactional data, real-time preservation of data through an intelligent contract to form an evidence chain that meets the requirements of authenticity, legitimacy, relevance of evidence, standardization of evidence and trials, and the use of the “arbitration chain” as a “third-party electronic data record-keeping platform”.

从以上四个具体项目来考察，我们可以看到区块链技术的应用是贯穿到文创产业的全产业链中，在落地时并不会有明显的环节割裂开来。

Looking at the above four specific projects, we can see that the application of block chain technology cuts through the entire industry chain in the creative industries and that there will be no significant segmentation at the time of landing.

事实上，在具体落地项目中，业界一直在源源不断地创新和尝试。如腾讯已经推出首款区块链游戏化应用《一起来捉妖》，真正将区块链技术运用到游戏中的功能落地，炫酷又好玩，取得了较好的反响。

In fact, the industry has been innovating and experimenting with concrete land projects. For example, the first block chain has been introduced to play with the first block chain, using " Together to catch the demon ", to really put the block chain technology to the ground in the game, to be cool and fun, and to get a better resonance.

监管篇：区块链文创产业的监管模式

Regulatory section: regulatory model for block-linking industries

对区块链的监管将因公有链、联盟链、私有链而有所不同

Regulation of block chains will vary according to the public chain, the union chain, the private chain.

文创产业涉及到内容的生产及传播，因此一直是政府监管的重点。虽然区块链技术并未广泛应用到文创产业当中，但监管也是日后政府面临的重大问题之一。

The creative industry, which involves the production and dissemination of content, has been the focus of government regulation. While block-chain technology is not widely used in the creative industry, regulation is one of the major problems facing the government in the future.

根据实际应用场景和需求，区块链技术演化出了三种应用模式，即公有链(Public blockchain)、联盟链 (Consortium blockchain) 和私有链 (Private blockchain)。因此对区块链的监管也围绕着这三个应用模式来实行。

Depending on the actual application scenario and demand, block chain technology has evolved three application models, namely, Public Blockchain, Consortium Blockchain and Private Chain (Private Blockchain). The regulation of block chains is therefore also structured around these three application models.

公有链是完全去中心化的区块链，分布式系统的任何节点均可参与链上数据的读写、验证和共识过程，并根据其相应的共识机制获得相应的经济激励。

The public chain is a fully decentralised block chain, and any node in the distributed system can be involved in the process of reading, validating and consensusing the data on the chain, with corresponding economic incentives based on its corresponding consensus mechanism.

由于公有链的各个节点可以自由加入和退出网络，并参加链上数据的读写，运行时以扁平的拓扑结构互联互通，网络中不存在任何中心化的服务端节点。

Since nodes in the public chain can freely join and exit the network and participate in the reading and writing of the data on the chain, there is no central service node in the network, which is connected to flat-stamp structures at the time of operation.

因此，公有链的特点是保护用户免受开发者的影响、所有数据默认公开，交易速度较低。比特币是公共链的典型代表。考虑到完全开放性和去中心化带来的传销或者其他犯罪的风险，目前对该应用模式的严格监管有其必要性。

Thus, the public chain is characterized by the protection of users from developers, the default disclosure of all data, and the lower speed of transactions. Bitcoin is a typical representative of the public chain. Given the risk of distribution or other crime associated with total openness and decentralization, strict regulation of the application model is now necessary.

联盟链是部分去中心化（或称多中心化）的区块链，适用于多个实体构成的组织或联盟，其共识过程受到一定规则的控制。

The coalition chain is a partial decentralized (or multi-centralized) block chain that applies to organizations or coalitions made up of multiple entities and whose consensus process is governed by certain rules.

系统内交易确认的节点一般也是事先所设定，并通过共识机制确认。取决于联盟链内部的信任程度和相关需求程度，虚拟数字货币可以选择匿名或非匿名。

The nodes for the recognition of transactions within the system are generally also predefined and confirmed through a consensus mechanism. Depending on the level of trust and related needs within the chain of alliances, virtual digital currencies may choose to be anonymous or non-anonymized.

联盟链的各个节点通常有与之对应的实体机构组织，通过授权后才能加入或退出。各机构组织组成利益相关的联盟，共同维护区块链的运转。联盟链的特点是低成本运行和维护、高交易速度及良好的扩展性、可更好地保护隐私。对于文创产业的流通、交易和维权也有很大应用。

Each node of the chain of alliances usually has its counterpart, the entity organization, which joins or withdraws from it by authorizing it. Agencies form interest-related coalitions that work together to maintain the chain of blocks.

在监管方面，由于联盟链容易进行控制权限设定，拥有更高的应用可扩展性，可以考虑目前对于行业协会的监管模式，根据涉及领域的不同，可以采取事先许可或事后备案的监管模式。

With regard to regulation, given the ease with which the chain of association can be set for control, and the increased applicability and scalability, consideration could be given to the current regulatory model for industry associations, which, depending on the area involved, could be based on prior licensing or back-up.

私有链是完全中心化的区块链，但具有分布式特点。中心控制者指定可以参与和进行交易验证成员的范围。

The private chain is a fully centralized block chain, but it has distributed features. The central controller specifies the range of members that can participate in and conduct the transaction.

对于私有链内的成员，系统不需虚拟货币提供奖励。私有链适用于特定机构的内部数据管理与审计等，如版权局的版权登记数据等，其写入权限由中心机构控制，而读取权限可视需求有选择性地对外开放。

The system does not require a virtual currency to reward members of the private chain.

私有链的特点是交易速度非常快、给隐私更好的保障、交易成本大幅降低甚至为零。由于私有链的各个节点的写入权限收归内部控制，而读取权限可视需求有选择性地对外开放。

Private chains are characterized by fast transactions, better privacy guarantees, and significantly lower or even zero transaction costs. Since the writing rights of the private chain’s nodes are subject to internal controls, reading rights can be selectively opened to the public, depending on demand.

因此，对于私有链的监管或许可以考虑接入API接口，考虑到私有链的封闭性，政府对这块的监管压力会很大。

Therefore, regulation of the private chain may consider access to the API interface, and given the closed nature of the private chain, government regulatory pressure on this sector may be significant.