7月6日，由国家新闻出版署科技与标准综合重点实验室区块链版权应用中心主编的《数字藏品应用参考》发布。
On 6 July, the Reference for the Application of Digital Collections was published by the Centre for the Application of Copyright in the Block Chain of the Integrated Focus Laboratory of Science, Technology and Standards of the National Press and Publications Administration.
杭州国际数字交易有限公司（以下简称“杭数交”）作为主要编写单位之一，参与《数字藏品应用参考》的联合发布，与中国数字文化集团、中国文物交流中心、中国出版传媒商报、中国网安区块链中心、新华文轩四川数字出版传媒有限公司、浙江大学国际联合商学院数字经济与金融创新研究中心、四川省区块链行业协会版权专委会、上海区块链技术协会法律专委会、四川省游戏工委、财经?链新、万商天勤律师事务所、德恒律师事务所等行业专家及学者携手，共谱数字藏品行业发展新篇章。
The Hangzhou International Digital Trading Company Ltd. (hereinafter “HUNDIF”) participated as one of the main authors in the joint publication of the Digital Collection Application Reference, working with industry experts and scholars such as the Chinese Digital Culture Group, the China Antiquities Exchange Centre, the China Publishing Media Agency, the China Net Antang Block Chain Centre, the Xin Sheung Xiaochen Digital Publishing Media Company Ltd., the Centre for Research on Digital Economy and Financial Innovation of the International Joint Business School of Zhejiang University, the Special Committee on Copyright of the District Block Chain Industry Association of Sichuan Province, the Legal Select Committee of the Shanghai Block Chain Technical Association, the Sichuan Province Games Industry Commission, the Finance and Economy Department, the New Chains, the Mang Xianxin Law Office, and the Teh Heung Law Firm, to develop a new chapter in the digital collection industry.
2021年以来，我国数字藏品市场发展如火如荼，但安全风险暗涌，诸如侵权盗版风险、内容合规风险、价格炒作风险、网络欺诈风险、监管合规风险、金融安全风险等层出不穷。
Since 2021, the market for our digital collections has developed dramatically, but security risks, such as piracy tort risk, content compliance risk, price speculation risk, cyberfraud risk, regulatory compliance risk, financial security risk, etc., have flourished.
数藏市场良性发展，行业合规先行。为规避安全风险，助推文化数字化健康发展，《数字藏品应用参考》应时而出。
In order to avoid security risks and contribute to the development of cultural digital health, the Reference for the Application of Digital Collections should come out at a time.
该参考书是目前数字藏品领域最为详尽的应用参考书，以专业性、实用性、权威性为核心原则，从数字藏品的定义、现状、风险、规范、资质、案例等方面进行专业论述，旨在为数字藏品行业相关区块链平台、发行平台及用户的应用和国家相关部门的监管提供理论参考，助力推动数字文化战略发展，践行落实建设中国特色、世界水平的知识产权强国纲要。同时，该参考书为规范和发展数字藏品市场提供了基础保障。
The reference book, which is currently the most detailed application reference in the field of digital collections, deals with the definition, status, risks, norms, qualifications and cases of digital collections, using the principles of professionalism, practicality and authority as the core principles. It is intended to provide theoretical references for the development of the digital culture strategy and for the regulation of the relevant sectors of the country. The reference book also provides a basic guarantee for the regulation and development of the digital collections market.
杭数交作为主要参编单位之一，公司总经理李杰明担任编写组成员，积极参与《数字藏品应用参考》的编写和出台。在未来，杭数交虚猕数藏平台也将在遵循法律法规基础上，积极探索数字藏品行业稳健发展新模式，助推数藏市场行稳致远。
Hang Dynasty, one of the main contributors, is the company’s chief executive officer, Lee Jemmin, who is a member of the drafting team and is actively involved in the preparation and launch of the Digital Collection Application Reference. In the future, the Hang Dynasty Collections platform will also actively explore new models for sound development of the digital collection industry, based on compliance with the law and regulations, and will contribute to the growth of the stock market.
附录：《数字藏品应用参考》正文
Appendix: Text of the Digital Collection Application Reference
数字藏品应用参考
digital collection application reference
版权声明本参考书版权属于国家新闻出版署科技与标准综合重点实验室区块链版权应用中心，内容已上链，且受法律保护。转载、摘编或利用其他方式使用本参考书文字或观点，应注明“来源：国家新闻出版署科技与标准综合重点实验室区块链版权应用中心”。违反上述声明者，编者将追究其相关法律责任。
The copyrights for this reference book belong to the Centre for the Application of Copyright in the Blocks of the Integrated Focus Laboratory for Science, Technology and Standards of the State Press and Publications Agency, whose content is chained up and protected by law.
前 言数字藏品作为现象级事物，在具有较高热度的同时，其安全风险也不容忽视，诸如：侵权盗版风险、内容合规风险、价格炒作风险、网络欺诈风险、监管合规风险、金融安全风险等。
As a phenomenon-level event, the security risks associated with digital collections, such as piracy risks, content compliance risks, price speculation risks, cyberfraud risks, regulatory compliance risks, financial security risks, etc., should not be overlooked at the same time as they have a high degree of heat.
为引导文化数字化健康发展，对数字藏品行业提供规范应用参考，国家新闻出版署科技与标准综合重点实验室区块链版权应用中心联合中国数字文化集团、中国文物交流中心、中国出版传媒商报、中国网安区块链中心、新华文轩四川数字出版传媒有限公司、杭州国际数字交易有限公司等为代表的相关机构、企业，致力于将区块链等技术，赋能文化数字化的创造、保护、运用与转化，并在遵循现有法律法规的基础上，积极探索区块链数字文化产品的合规健康、可持续发展。本参考书将从数字藏品的定义、现状、风险、规范、资质、案例等方面进行专业论述，旨在为数字藏品行业相关区块链平台、发行平台及用户的应用和国家相关部门的监管提供理论参考，助力推动数字文化战略发展，践行落实建设中国特色、世界水平的知识产权强国纲要。
To guide the development of digital culture and health, and to provide a normative reference for the digital collection industry, the National Press and Publications Agency, in conjunction with China's Digital Culture Group, China's Cultural Heritage Exchange Centre, China's Publishing Media Agency, China's Cyber-Ann block chain centre, Sino-Honse Sichuan Digital Publishing Media Company Ltd., Hangzhou International Digital Trading Company Ltd. and other institutions and enterprises represented by others, is committed to the creation, protection, application and transformation of digital cultural chains, and to actively explore, on the basis of existing laws and regulations, the health and sustainable development of digital cultural products in the regional chains. The reference book will provide a professional discussion on the definition, status, risk, norms, qualifications, case studies, etc., of digital collections.
主编单位国家新闻出版署科技与标准综合重点实验室区块链版权应用中心
Centre for the Application of Copyright to the Integrated Focus Laboratory Blocks of Science, Technology and Standards, National Press and Publications Administration, main editor
01
数字藏品概述
Summary of digital collections
（一）数字藏品起源
数字藏品经历了四个阶段：概念阶段、早期建设阶段、国外发展热潮阶段、国内探索阶段。
The digital collection has gone through four phases: the conceptual phase, the early construction phase, the boom phase abroad, and the domestic exploration phase.
1、第一阶段：概念阶段
2014年纽约艺术家凯文麦考伊在纳米币区块链上推出了一个NFT，通常被认为是历史上第一个NFT；2015年，《Spells of Genesis》上架，把游戏的经济系统与区块链技术相结合。
In 2014, New York artist Kevin McCoy introduced an NFT on the nanocoin block chain, usually considered the first NFT in history; in 2015, the Spelts of Genderis was mounted, combining the economic system of the game with block chain technology.
2、第二阶段：早期建设阶段
2017年6月，NFT项目Crypto Punks诞生，将图像作为“加密资产”；2017年10月，CryptoKitties加密猫游戏上线；2018年NonFungible.com推出NFT市场追踪平台；同期，Opensea、SuperRare、Known Origin、MakersPlace等，都建立了用于发布和发现数字艺术的平台。
In June 2017, the NFT project Crypto Punks was born, using images as “encrypted assets”; in October 2017, the CryptoKittys encryption cat game was online; in 2018, NonFungible.com launched the NFT Market Tracking Platform; and in the same period, Opensea, SuperRare, Known Origin, MakersPlace and others established platforms for the publication and discovery of digital art.
3、第三阶段：国外发展热潮阶段
3, phase 3: foreign development boom phase
2020年，NBA推出球星视频产品NBA TOP SHOT；2020年，数字艺术家Beeple耗时14年创作的作品《Everydays：The First 5000 Days》作为NFT出售，各路明星和艺术家纷纷通过各种平台发布NFT；2021年，区块链游戏项目Axie Infinity发售。
In 2020, NBA launched a global star video product, NBA TOP SHOT; in 2020, digital artist Beaple's 14-year-long work, " Everydays: The First 5000 Days ", was sold as NFT, and the NFT was distributed through various platforms by stars and artists; and in 2021, the block chain game project, Axie Infinity, was launched.
4、第四阶段：国内探索阶段
4, phase 4: domestic exploration phase
2021年5月20日，淘宝旗下阿里拍卖聚好玩推出NFT数字艺术公益拍卖专场。
On 20 May 2021, the NFT Public Interest Fair for Digital Arts was launched with fun at Ali's auction under the banner of Treasures.
2021年6月23日，支付宝发布敦煌飞天付款码皮肤NFT；2021年8月2日，腾讯旗下NFT交易软件幻核正式上线；2021年8月15日，阿里拍卖与知信链、新版链上线的“区块链数字版权资产交易”开启了NFT版权规范应用探索；2021年10月，腾讯幻核APP与支付宝小程序“蚂蚁链粉丝粒”内页中，“NFT”字样全部消失，改为“数字藏品”。
On 23 June 2021, the payment bond released its brilliant skin NFT; on 2 August 2021, the NFT trading software under the flag was officially activated; on 15 August 2021, the auction of Ali and the digital copyright asset deal of the block chain, which was lined up on the new version of the chain, opened an exploration of the NFT copyright code; and in October 2021, the word “NFT” disappeared and was replaced by “digital collection” on the inside of the “ant chain fan” of the RDPP and the payment treasure small program.
2022年6月3日，国家新闻出版署科技与标准综合重点实验室区块链版权应用中心、新华文轩四川数字出版传媒、杭州国家数字交易中心发布数字藏品合规发行体系“区块链数字出版发行交易平台矩阵”，并将数字藏品视为是数字出版物的一种新形态。
On 3 June 2022, the National Press and Publications Agency, the Centre for the Application of Copyright in the Block Chains of the Integrated Focus Laboratory on Science and Technology and Standards, the Sichuan digital publishing media, the Hangzhou National Digital Trading Centre, published the Digital Collection Compliance System “Model for Digital Publishing and Distribution Platforms”, which considers the digital collection as a new form of digital publication.
（二）数字藏品形态
1、数字藏品现阶段表现出两种产品形态：
1. The digital collections present two product patterns at this stage:
（1）同一件作品，一次性单份销售。
(1) The same work, one single sale at a time.
（2）同一件作品，限量多份销售。
(2) The same work, limited to a large number of sales.
2、数字藏品现阶段还表现出三种产生方式：
2. At this stage, there are also three ways of generating the digital collection:
（1）实物的数字化映射。一些数字藏品是把书画、馆藏文物、艺术品的原始数据“照搬”生成数字产品。
(1) Digital mapping of objects in kind. Some of the digital collections are the production of digital products by “recording” raw data from books, collections and works of art.
（2）数字化原创作品。
(2) Digital original creation.
（3）数字化作品与实物或权益融合。
(3) Digital works are integrated with objects or interests.
（三）数字藏品范围
数字藏品现阶段包括：文字作品，口述作品，音乐、戏剧、曲艺、舞蹈、杂技艺术作品，美术、建筑作品，摄影作品，视听作品，工程设计图、产品设计图、地图、示意图等图形作品和模型作品等。
At this stage, the digital collection consists of writings, oral works, music, theatre, music, music, music, music, art, acrobats, fine arts, architectural works, photographic works, audio-visual works, engineering designs, product designs, maps, graphics and model works, etc.
数字藏品现已逐渐渗透到了娱乐、休闲、餐饮、购物、旅游、体育、票务等多领域。
The digital collection has gradually infiltrated the various fields of recreation, leisure, catering, shopping, tourism, sports and ticketing.
（四）数字藏品定义
(iv) Definition of digital collection
1、数字藏品的定义以作品为核心。《中华人民共和国著作权法》规定：作品是指文学、艺术和科学领域内具有独创性并能以一定形式表现的智力成果。
1. The definition of a digital collection is centred on works. The Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China states that works are intellectual works that are original in the literary, artistic and scientific fields and can be expressed in some form.
2、数字藏品的定义以版权为基础。《中华人民共和国著作权法》规定：版权是指著作权人对文学、艺术和科学作品享有的财产权和人身权的总称。
2. The definition of digital collections is based on copyright. The Copyright Act of the People's Republic of China states that copyright refers to the general title of copyright holders with respect to property and personal rights in literary, artistic and scientific works.
3、数字藏品的定义以网络出版物为依据。《网络出版服务管理规定》规定：网络出版物是指通过信息网络向公众提供的，具有编辑、制作、加工、复制、发行等出版特征的数字化作品。网络出版物主要包括：（1）文学、艺术、科学等领域内具有知识性、思想性的文字、图片、地图、游戏、动漫、音视频读物等原创数字化作品；（2）与已出版的图书、报纸、期刊、音像制品、电子出版物等内容相一致的数字化作品；（3）将上述作品通过选择、编排、汇集等方式形成的网络文献数据库等数字化作品；（4）国家新闻出版署认定的其他类型的数字化作品。
3. The definition of digital collections is based on web-based publications. The Regulations on the Management of Web-based Publishing Services state that web-based publications are digitized works that are made available to the public through information networks and that have editorial, production, processing, reproduction and publishing features. Web-based publications include, inter alia: (1) original digital works of intellectual, ideological writing, pictures, maps, games, manipulatory, audio-visual readings in the fields of literature, art, science, etc.; (2) digitized works that are consistent with published books, newspapers, periodicals, audio-visual products, electronic publications, etc.; (3) digitized works of the above-mentioned works, such as web-based literature databases, which are selected, organized and compiled; and (4) other types of digitized works identified by the National Press and Publications Agency.
数字藏品的特征完全符合数字出版物的核心形态，同时也体现出数字版权的核心要素。数字藏品利用区块链技术，锚定作品生成链上唯一的所有权或使用权的数字凭证，不可篡改、不可拆分、限量发行，目的是实现作品真实可信的数字化发行、收藏、使用和流转。
The digital collection features are fully in line with the core form of digital publications, and also reflects the core elements of digital copyright. Using block chain technology, digital documents that anchor the sole ownership or right of use in the production chain are not tampered with, unbroken, restricted and distributed, the purpose of which is to achieve a genuine and credible digital distribution, collection, use and circulation of works.
综上，现阶段数字藏品较为准确的定义：数字藏品是数字出版物的一种新形态。
In summary, the digital collection is defined more accurately at this stage: the digital collection is a new form of digital publication.
剖析数字藏品，可以按照以下两种产品类型合规发行：
Parsing the digital collection, which can be issued in compliance with the following two product types:
1、区块链作品版权。主要指将通过上链确权、认证的作品的全部或部分财产权转让、交易，表现形式为整体、单份的作品版权销售。区块链作品版权如作为版权数字资产化、证券化交易，需在省级或以上政府批准的交易所依法进行。
1. Copyright for block-chained works. Principally, all or part of the property rights of certified works will be transferred and traded through the upper chain, in the form of a whole and a single copy of the copyright.
2、区块链数字出版产品。主要指将通过上链确权、认证的作品，经网络出版后，以限量、多份的区块链数字出版产品形式销售。
2. Block chain digital publishing products. Mainly, works that will be authenticated and certified through the upper chain will be published online for sale in the form of limited, multi-section block chain digital publishing products.
上述两种产品均能以与实物或权益附加、融合的方式进行销售。
Both products can be sold in a way that is additional to, and integrated with, physical or equity interests.
02
数字藏品现阶段发展状况
The current development of the digital collection at
（一）行业监管趋势
4月12日，国家文物局相关司室组织召开数字藏品有关情况座谈会，针对数字藏品发展现状，围绕文博机构的公益属性、数据安全、消费者权益等问题进行了深入讨论。重要要求：文博单位不应直接将文物原始数据作为限量商品发售；文博单位应积极推进文物信息资源开放共享；在文物信息资源开发利用中，文博单位要坚持公益属性；牢牢把握正确的意识形态导向和确保文物信息安全。
On April 12, the relevant departments of the National Antiquities Office organized a seminar on the status of digital collections, which focused on issues such as the public interest attributes of cultural institutions, data security, and consumer rights and interests.
4月13日，中国互联网金融协会、中国银行业协会、中国证券业协会联合发布的《关于防范NFT相关金融风险的倡议》指出，NFT在丰富数字经济模式等方面显现出一定的价值，但也存在炒作、洗钱、非法金融活动等风险隐患。《倡议》呼吁会员单位共同遏制NFT金融化证券化倾向，从严防范非法金融活动风险。
On April 13, the Chinese Internet Finance Association, the Chinese Banking Association and the Chinese Securities Association jointly issued the Initiative on Preventing Financial Risks Related to NFTs, which states that NFTs have shown some value in enriching the digital economy model, but that there are risks of fraud, money-laundering, illegal financial activity, etc. The Initiative calls on member organizations to work together to curb the trend of financial securitization of NFTs and to protect them from the risk of illegal financial activity.
5月20日，福建省发布《福建省清理整顿各类交易场所工作小组关于防范NFT违规风险的提示函》，提示函要求福建省内所有交易场所不参与、不背书、不批准关于NFT相关发行、交易活动。
On 20 May, Fujian Province issued a reminder letter from the Fujian Province Working Group for the Clean-up and Rehabilitation of Trading Places to protect against the risk of NFT violations, requesting all trading sites in Fujian Province not to participate in, not to endorse, and not to authorize the issuance of, or trade in, NFT-related issues.
（二）参与单位情况
(ii) Participation
目前，各行业的国有单位、上市公司等都在入局数字藏品领域，BAT等互联网大厂也均有布局，包括提供数字藏品区块链服务、发行平台等。新华社、人民日报社、中央广播电视总台、光明日报社、中国搜索、中国信通院、解放日报、国家信息中心、中国文物交流中心、中国移动、中国银联、中国文化传媒集团、中国影视互联网工业化研究院、国家体育局、国家图书馆、国家大剧院等纷纷入局数藏平台、发行数字藏品；人民文学出版社、中国图书进出口集团、中国青年出版社、长江文艺出版社、童趣出版社、四川数字出版传媒、天地出版社、浙江人民出版社、湖南人民出版社、福建人民出版社、重庆出版集团、四川人民出版社等出版单位纷纷推出数字藏品；万事利、天下秀、凤凰网、顺网科技、中文在线等超20家上市公司推出数藏平台；中国青年报、山东广播电台、凤凰卫视集团、湖南广电、财经杂志、深圳特区报等媒体，敦煌研究院、西安碑林博物馆、麦积山石窟、河南博物院等文博单位，深圳大学、山东财经大学、南京航空航天大学等高校，海南文交所、杭州国际数字交易中心、甘肃省文化产权交易中心等交易所，麦当劳、奈雪的茶、绿地集团等传统行业也纷纷发布数字藏品。
At present, state-owned entities, listed companies, etc., are in the field of digital collections in various industries, and Internet companies such as BAT, including the digital collection block chain service and distribution platforms. Xinhua, People’s Daily, Central Radio and Television General, Xinhua News, Xiaojiang News, China Search, China Information Centre, China Heritage Exchange Centre, China Mobile, China Silver Union, Chinese Cultural Media Group, Chinese Film Industrialization Institute, National Sports Agency, National Library, National Theatre, and others, have distributed digital collections; People’s Literature Press, Chinese Book Export-Import Group, China Youth Press, Yangjiang Arts Press, Sichuan Digital Media, Heaven Press, Xijiang People’s Press, Hunan People’s Press, Fujing People’s Press, Chongqing Publishing Group, Qing People’s Press, Xivuan People’s Publishing House, China News and Information Technology Centre, and others.
（三）发行平台情况
(iii) launch platform
截至目前，国内数藏平台已超过700家。其中，7家数藏平台有央媒背景，分别为灵境·人民艺术馆、时藏、新华数藏、豹豹·青春宇宙、人民科技数字藏品平台、光明艺品、元什；超过20家数藏平台具有国资背景，如虚猕数藏、海豹数藏、Hi元宇宙、唯一艺术、中体数藏等；超过25家数藏平台具有上市公司背景，如阿里拍卖、鲸探、灵境文化、鱿物，幻核、TME数字藏品、百度超级链数字藏品、小度寻宇、灵稀、网易星球数字藏品等。
To date, more than 700 platforms have been established in the country. Seven of these platforms have a media background, namely, the Lingyi People’s Art Museum, the Time Hide, the Xinhua Collection, the Leopard Youth Cosmos, the People’s Science and Technology Digital Collection Platform, the Light Arts, the Meshu; more than 20 digital collections have a national financial background, such as the Hydraulic Collection, the SEAL Collection, the Hiran Cosmos, the only art, the Chinese Collection, and so on; and more than 25 digital collections have a listed corporate background, such as auctions by Ali, whales, spiritual culture, squids, illusions, TME digital collections, 100-high-chain digital collections, microscopic search, rare, web-like planetary digital collections, etc.
（四）提供服务区块链
国内数字藏品主要基于联盟链，也有少数平台基于公链。为数字藏品提供区块链服务的联盟链有：星火·链网（灵境藏品、知音数藏等）、人民链（灵境·人民艺术馆等）、数中链（天猫、阿里拍卖等）、BSN链（千寻数藏、乾坤数藏、Topholder、光明艺品等）、长安链（元视觉、鲲寻数藏等）、知信链（虚猕数藏、阿里拍卖、阿里云等）、腾讯至信链（幻核、TME数字藏品、第五境面等）、新版链（阿里拍卖、虚猕数藏、元什等）、蚂蚁链（鲸探、超维空间、七级宇宙等）、百度超级链（百度超级链数字藏品、小度寻宇、智元艺术等）、京东智臻链（灵稀、红果数藏等）、网易区块链（网易星球等）、迅雷链（非同数艺等）、趣链（红洞数藏、零境数藏等）、光笺链（光笺收藏家、鱿物等）等。
Domestic digital collections are based mainly on the Union’s chain, but also on a few platforms. Alliances that provide block-based services for digital collections are: Star Fires and Chains (Girl Collections, People’s Art Gallerys, etc.), People’s Chains (Girls, People’s Art Gallery, etc.), People’s Chains (Type Cats, auctions for Ali, etc.), BSN Chains (Thoughts, Nuts, Huts, Tops, Topholder, Lighting Arts, etc.), Long Anse Chains (Mechanical Visualization, Searching, Hiding Arts, etc.), Knowledge Chains (Tyres, Red Fruit Collections, etc.), TIE Digital Collections, Fifth Faces, etc., New Chains (Ali auctions, Intelling Planets, etc.), Ants Chains (Valks, SuperCys, VII Cosmos, Nos and others), HSKS, Lights, Lights, Light and Softs, Softs, etc.
国内提供区块链服务的公链有树图链等，基于树图链的数藏平台有豹豹·青春宇宙、淘派、薄盒等。
The public chains that provide block chain services in the country include tree chains, among others, and the digital collection platforms that are based on tree chains include leopards, youth universes, spoilers, boxes, etc.
典型区块链平台：
1、知信链
1,
知信链是国家新闻出版署科技与标准综合重点实验室区块链版权应用中心区块链服务平台。
The chain of knowledge serves as the platform for the network services of the Centre for the Application of Copyright in the Integrated Focus Laboratory on Science, Technology and Standards of the National Press and Publications Agency.
知信链推出了众多数字藏品知名产品，如区块链数字版权产品：三星堆系列、古蜀金沙系列；区块链数字出版产品：谷爱凌、丁真、格萨尔；区块链数字出版融合产品：“数字藏书”，贝多芬、莫扎特的黑胶唱片。
The chain of knowledge produces a number of well-known digital collections, such as block chain digital copyright products: three-star stack series, ancient gold sand series; block chain digital publishing products: Google, Tinjin, Gessar; block chain digital publishing products: “Digital collection”, Beethoven and Mozart's black gel record.
知信链构建了完整的“数字藏品发行交易平台矩阵”。该矩阵由4大产品体系和4大审核体系组成。4大产品体系包括基于区块链的：数字版权行业链、数字出版开放平台、数字藏品发行平台、苍穹元宇宙；4大审核体系包括：版权审核体系、网络出版服务体系、价值评估审核体系、发行交易审核体系。知信链与杭州国际数字交易中心构建了跨链产品流转备份链“有备”，为国内合法联盟链生成的数字藏品开启了规范化流转闭环通道：版权审核→备份生成→跨链封冻→网络出版→产品发行→资产交易→场景使用。
The Information Chain builds a complete matrix of the Digital Collections Trading Platform. The matrix consists of four major product systems and four major audit systems. The four major product systems include: the Digital Copyright Industry Chain, the Digital Publishing Open Platform, the Digital Collections Distribution Platform, and the Agnostic Cosmos; the four major audit systems include the Copyright Audit System, the Web Publishing Service System, the Values Evaluation Review System, and the Issued Transactions Audit System. The Information Chain and the Hang State International Digital Trading Centre have constructed the Trans-chain Product Flow Backup Chain, which provides a normative streaming loop for digital collections generated by legitimate domestic union chains.
2、数字中国链
“数字中国区块链服务基础设施”（简称“数中链”）是国内首个专门用于“全类型生产要素数字化新流通”的区块链解决方案。数中链由数字中国建设峰会承办单位——福州市人民政府支持建设，按照数字中国建设理论进行顶层设计，高科技央企中国网安提供国家级安全与保密技术保障，新华文轩数字出版传媒提供网络出版管理及数字版权流通完整方案，全球最大资产在线流通平台阿里资产及其生态作为关键节点，支持全国跨省区多个重要产业的生产要素与数字资产，实现全周期可信、全环节智能化的合规增效流通。数中链为促进国内经济大循环，提供具备长远意义的区块链基建，为完善的要素市场化配置机制提供相关先进服务产品。
“Digital China Block Chain Services Infrastructure” (the “digital medium chain”) is the country’s first block-chain solution dedicated to “new digital circulation of full-type factors of production.” The number Chinese chain is supported by the Digital China Construction Summit, which is hosted by the Fuzhou City People’s Government.
3、中国数字文化链
中国数字文化链是由中国数字文化集团与中国联通、中国文物交流中心、大有国联控股有限公司、北京文投集团等“国家队”专门为数字藏品打造的联盟链，拥有分布式记账、智能合约、不可篡改及可溯源性的技术特性。
China's digital cultural chain is a union of “national teams” such as China's Digital Culture Group and China's Antiquities Exchange Centre, the United Republic of Korea Holdings Ltd., and the Beijing Group of Inputs, which specializes in digital collections and has distributed bookkeeping, smart contracts, non-reciprocal and traceability technical characteristics.
中国数字文化链具备数字藏品确权认证，为数字藏品生成独有的数字身份的功能。使用中国数字文化链铸造的数字藏品，用户可以在链上实时了解数字藏品动态和分布情况，实现数字藏品数据可查询、可验证、可跟踪，最大化保障用户知情权、公平交易权、自主选择权。
China’s digital cultural chain has the capability of authenticating digital collections and generating unique digital identities for them. Using digital collections forged in the Chinese digital cultural chain, users can learn the dynamics and distribution of digital collections in real time on the chain, making digital collections data searchable, verifiable and traceable, maximizing user rights to information, fair trading, and free choice.
数字藏品是基于文化艺术元素进行创意设计、以区块链技术确认数字版权和存证全部流转信息、以数字技术制作形成的虚拟化文化艺术品，供爱好者线上收藏和观赏，是虚拟空间数字资产的产品形态之一。数字藏品作为数字文化产业发展的新热点，集聚技术、人才、IP、资本、数据要素，创意新型产品形态，贯通虚拟资产价值链，拓展传统文化创造性转化新空间，打造传统文化创新性发展新模式。
Digital collections are innovative designs based on cultural and artistic elements, the recognition of digital copyrights and the full flow of documented information in block-chain technologies, virtual cultural works of art produced in digital technology for online collections and visualization of virtual space digital assets, and are one of the product patterns of the digital cultural industry. Digital collections serve as new hot spots for the development of digital cultural industries, gathering technology, talent, IP, capital, data elements, new forms of creative products, connecting virtual asset value chains, expanding the creative transformation of traditional cultures into new spaces, and creating new models for the innovative development of traditional cultures.
中国数字文化链具有三大特性：国家有序监管保证数字藏品的价值与安全可靠性、所有用户可公开透明查询数字藏品动态和分布、支持数字藏品的跨链认证和发行。
The digital culture chain in China is characterized by three main characteristics: the State's orderly regulation guarantees the value and security of the digital collection, open and transparent access by all users to the dynamics and distribution of the digital collection, and support for the cross-chain authentication and distribution of the digital collection.
4、中国数字文交链
中国数字文交链具备国家级区块链信息技术安全技术保障，以及区块链数字版权管理、网络出版发行、内容审核、鉴定认证等核心能力，旨在充分利用区块链技术赋能，开展文物艺术品数字确权认证、溯源保护、鉴定交流、研究阐释、展示传播，为广大文博文化爱好者提供全链条一站式文博数字艺术藏品应用开发服务。
China's digital communication chain, which is equipped with the country-level technical security of information technology in block chains, as well as core capabilities such as block chain digital copyright management, web publishing, content clearance and authentication, is designed to take full advantage of the technical capabilities of the block chain and to carry out digital authentication, retrospective protection, identification exchange, interpretation and demonstration of cultural objects, and to provide a full-chain one-stop digital art collection development service for a wide range of cultural and cultural fans.
由中国数字文交链提供底层技术支持的文博数字交易平台——“元什”，是由中国文物交流中心联合厦门元琮科技有限公司共同开发的文博文物数字文创规范的先行平台，内设有数字文创交易、文博艺术品赏析、文博行业资讯、个人博物馆等服务板块。将会为各类文博IP提供数字资产确权，协助规划附带内容、线下权益或技术玩法等体验的数字文创等服务，并开展数字文创的交易、分发。
The Digital Trade Platform, “Jinshi”, which provides low-level technical support from the Chinese digital communication chain, is a pioneering platform for digital creation of cultural objects, developed jointly by the Chinese Cultural Heritage Exchange Centre and Xiamen Wonjian Tsi Ltd., and includes service sections such as digital creation trading, arts and art appreciation, information in the literary industry and personal museums. Digital asset validation will be provided for various types of digital IPs, assisting in the planning of digital creation services such as experiences with content, offline rights or technical play methods, and conducting digital creation transactions and distributions.
5、新版链
“新版链”是四川省政府、四川省经济和信息化厅主导推进建设的四川省区块链服务基础设施“蜀信链”唯一的版权与知识产权行业链，由四川省区块链行业协会版权专委会牵头建设运营。“新版链”具备国家级优秀的底层技术支撑，版权审核、网络出版、价值评估等服务资质和能力，具备完善的运营服务团队和强公信力可信节点，“新版链”建设的“数字版权资产交易”项目，开启了标志性的区块链版权落地应用。
The “New Release Chain” is the only copyright and intellectual property industry chain in Sichuan province, led by the Sichuan provincial government and the Sichuan provincial economic and informationization office, that promotes the construction of the Sichuan sector block service infrastructure, the “Silver Chain” which is led by the Specialized Commission on Copyright of the Sichuan sector block chain industry association. The “New Release Chain” is supported by state-level technological excellence, the quality and capability of services such as copyright clearance, web publishing, value assessment, and other services, the existence of a well-established operating service team and credible and credible nodes, and the “Digital Copyright Asset Trading” project, built by the “New Release Chain”, which has opened a landmark block chain of copyright applications.
（五）应用情况
(v) Application
1、典型应用
1, typical application
数字藏品应用正在不断拓展、出圈，其中，应用最多的是艺术收藏品、美术作品，通过区块链技术将数字或实体的艺术收藏品制作成“数字藏品”。敦煌研究院、秦始皇帝陵博物院、三星堆博物馆等文博单位推出敦煌拾遗、数字秦俑、古蜀藏品等，将文物进行二次创作，激活数字文化遗产；泰山、华山等景区则推出数字藏品，拓展文化消费新场景，利用数字藏品，艺术家打破了与粉丝交流的时空限制；新华数藏推出乡村振兴藏品，女娲数字藏品推出数字村民数字藏品；《解放日报》发行虎年纪念版数字藏品；中央广播电视总台发行3D版“虎娃”数字藏品；中国搜索发布京剧脸谱数字藏品；数字藏品也成为公益宣传的新舞台，《人民日报》头版数字藏品·新中国第一个特等发明奖授予袁隆平团队；最高人民检察院推出未成年人法治画廊数字藏品；新华数藏推出“六一”儿童画系列公益数字藏品等。
The use of digital collections is expanding and moving out of circles; the most widely used are art collections, art works, the production of digital or physical art collections into “digital collections” through block-chain technology; the launch of digital collections by the Xinhua Institute, the Emperor of Qin and the Museum of the Three Stars, among others; the launching of digital collections, the release of the Tiger Year's commemorative editions of the Journal of Liberation; the release of 3D editions of the “Huwa” digital collection by the Central Radio and Television Central; the search and release by China of the Kyoto drama digital collection of cultural consumption; the breaking of temporal and temporal restrictions on the exchange of fans by artists; the launch of the Xinhua collection of village collections; the launch of the first digital collection of the People's Daily; the award of the Chinese prime prize for the digital village; the launch of the Public Prosecutor's Office's digital collection; and the launch of a series of public goods for children; and the launch of the “Statisticalary of the People's Daily News” series.
其次是音乐数字藏品，例如腾讯音乐“TME数字藏品”，胡彦斌《和尚》20周年纪念黑胶NFT在QQ音乐平台限量发售；酷狗音乐联合中国青年报发行非遗乐器数字音乐藏品“古乐华章”，涵盖了古琴、唢呐、马头琴、琵琶、笛、箫、埙7种非遗乐器；QQ音乐推出的限量版十三邀黑胶唱片NFT。
The second is the musical digital collection of music, such as the troupe music “TME digital collection”, the black glue NFT of Hu Yingbin, the 20th anniversary of the Monk, which is available in limited quantities on the QQ musical platform, the cool dog music coalition China Youth News, which publishes the non-relict digital music collection “Congregation of Music”, which covers the ancient piano, Xiaoqing, Marx, Biwa, flute, tidium and seven non-relicative instruments, and the limited edition of the black tape XIII, which was launched by QQ music.
体育类数字藏品，例如阿里巴巴在欧洲杯期间，与合作赛事举办方为射门榜前三甲球员颁发“上链”奖杯；中体数科发行“首届北京马拉松纪念徽章”等6款体育数字藏品。
Sports-type digital collections, such as the “uplink” award for top three Aces players by the co-organizers during the Aribaba European Cup; and six sports-digit collections, such as the “First Marathon Medal of Beijing”, issued by the Chinese Digital Section.
票务类数字藏品将各种类型的门票，包括实体门票和数字型门票，上链铸造成数字藏品，有助于门票的确权和流转，并降低票务成本，又符合市场热点，以全新的营销手段吸引流量。2022年3月3日，中国东方演艺集团携手阿里文娱，在淘票票及鲸探推出中国演出行业首个数字藏品，《只此青绿》数字藏品纪念票及系列创新数字藏品。
On March 3, 2022, the Eastern Chinese Performing Group joined forces with Ali to launch the first digital collection of the Chinese performance industry, the Golden Green Digital Monument and the series of innovative digital collections.
虚实融合类数字藏品是将数字化作品与实物结合上链的应用。2022年4月23日的世界读书日，由国家新闻出版署科技与标准综合重点实验室区块链版权应用中心、新华文轩四川数字出版传媒牵头，联合“阿里拍卖”、“数字中国链”、“知信链”和“繁星超越”共同创新推出的全国首个区块链图书融合出版发行项目“数字藏书”上线发布，首批近30余家出版单位参与，打造了实体图书上链+数字藏书票上链后，具有收藏价值的数字藏品。
On World Reading Day, April 23, 2022, the National Press and Publications Agency’s Centre for the Application of Copyrights in the Block Chains of the Integrated Focus Laboratory on Science, Technology and Standards, and the Sichuan Digital Publishing Media, jointly launched the Ali auction, the Digital China Chain, the Knowledge Chain, and the first national project for the publication and distribution of digital collections, launched by a joint innovation, the Digital Collection, with the participation of the first group of more than 30 publishers, with a value-added digital collection after the creation of a chain of entity books and digital collections.
在2022年6月18日购物节上，“天猫头号计划”数字藏品成为实物与数字藏品、权益等结合的新营销手段典型案例，乔丹、阿迪达斯、周大福纷纷发布藏品；数字藏品赋能实体经济也成为众多平台的探索方向。
At the shopping festival of 18 June 2022, the Digital Cathead Programme became a typical example of new marketing methods combining physical and digital collections, interests, etc., with Jordan, Adidas and Zhou Dafu releasing collections; the digital collections' enabling real economy has also become the direction of many platforms.
2、衍生应用
衍生的区块链数字藏品的应用场景包括数字保险、数字教育、数字科研、数字社交、元宇宙等。2022年5月，虚猕数藏区块乐园CBA冠军俱乐部辽宁本钢元宇宙球馆、佛山南海区文旅局指导的非遗文化舞龙舞狮元宇宙数字藏品发布；2022年7月，四川省游戏工委发布元宇宙——苍穹，旨在为人类建造一个多维的美好平行世界，还将创造一个价值法则、运行规则、组织架构详尽而完整的虚拟世界，并支持为不同链上数字藏品及应用场景建设自己的“星球”。
The resulting digital collection of block chains includes digital insurance, digital education, digital science, digital socialization, meta-cosm, and so on. In May 2022, the CBA championship club, the Liaoningmoto Steel Ball Hall, and the non-relict cultural choreograph and lion-cosm digital collection, directed by the Regional Department of Humanities in the South Foshan Sea, were released; and in July 2022, the Sichuan Provincial Game Commission released the Yuan cosmos, the accelerator, with the aim of building a multidimensional parallel world for humankind. It will also create a virtual world with detailed and complete values laws, operating rules, organizational structures and support for building its own “planetary” for digital collections and applications in different chains.
数字藏品应用场景在不断扩展，与各领域结合更加紧密促进数字经济的价值发现。
The digital collection application landscape is expanding to promote value discovery in the digital economy more closely in conjunction with various fields.
03
数字藏品风险
Digital Collection Risk
（一）接入公链
根据接入所需获得的开放许可程度，区块链可大致分为三类，公链、联盟链、私链。其中，公链不设人为许可，任何人可以根据其开源代码所设定的规则加入网络，比特币、以太坊等都属于公链。联盟链，又称许可链，一般由管理节点、信用节点、共识节点、验证节点等组成。私有链，系统封闭，仅限在组织、机构等内部使用。数字藏品接入公链将可能面临虚拟货币、代币化、侵权盗版、内容合法等去管理机制的风险。
Depending on the degree of open licensing required for access, the chain of blocks can be divided into three broad categories: public chains, chains of association, and private chains. Of these, the public chain is not artificially licensed, and anyone can join the network according to the rules set out in its open source code. Bitcoin, Etheria, etc., are public chains. Union chains, also known as licensing chains, are typically composed of management nodes, credit nodes, consensus nodes, authentication nodes, etc.
如果数字藏品直接或者间接接入公链，就具备了较强的跨境流通能力，在外汇管制、资本管制、反洗钱、反电信诈骗等方面带来较大风险。例如，用户可以通过炒高数字藏品价格和跨境交易，利用“合理”的方式完成洗钱。
If digital collections are connected directly or indirectly to the public chain, they have greater cross-border circulation capacity, posing greater risks in terms of exchange controls, capital controls, anti-money-laundering, anti-telecommunication fraud, etc. Users can, for example, use “reasonable” methods of money-laundering through high prices for digital collections and cross-border transactions.
目前国内数字藏品主要使用联盟链，通过联盟链节点设置风险边界，一旦出现风险，能够进行及时有效响应处置，实现产业在有效监管下的健康发展。
Currently, domestic digital collections are mainly using the Union chain to set risk boundaries through coalition chain nodes to enable timely and effective response and disposal in the event of a risk and to achieve the well-being of the industry under effective regulation.
（二）虚拟货币、代币
(ii) Virtual currency, token
数字藏品如被利用于采用虚拟货币进行结算流通，将存在较大的法律风险。中国人民银行等机构发布《关于进一步防范和处置虚拟货币交易炒作风险的通知》，比特币、以太币、泰达币等虚拟货币不具有法偿性，不应且不能作为货币在市场上流通使用。虚拟货币不具有与法定货币等同的法律地位；虚拟货币相关业务活动属于非法金融活动；境外虚拟货币交易所通过互联网向我国境内居民提供服务同样属于非法金融活动；参与虚拟货币投资交易活动存在法律风险。国家将严厉打击涉虚拟货币违法犯罪活动。
There is a greater legal risk that digital collections will be used for clearing transactions using virtual currency. The People’s Bank of China, among others, has issued a circular on further prevention and treatment of the risks associated with virtual currency transactions.
数字藏品如被利用作为代币，将“底层资产”由虚拟的代币换成了虚拟的图片、头像、音乐等，同样可能将具有金融属性，极易引发非法金融活动风险。
Where digital collections are used as tokens, the exchange of “bottom assets” from virtual tokens into virtual pictures, images, music, etc., may also be financial in nature and highly susceptible to the risk of illicit financial activity.
（三）炒作、洗钱
数字藏品如被利用作为炒作工具，脱离其本身合理价值，将可能成为“击鼓传花游戏”；数字藏品如缺乏展示和实际应用场景，将导致这种新产品模式无法持续发展；数字藏品如缺乏用户信息监管，私下场外链下交易，将很难追溯，如用户通过炒作将某一数字藏品炒到天价，卖家再把自己塑造成为买家的身份，就能利用“合理”方式完成洗钱。
A digital collection that is used as a tool for snooping away from its own legitimate value can become a “flash-and-flash game”; a digital collection that lacks presentation and practical applications will lead to the unsustainable development of this new product model; and a digital collection that lacks user information oversight and deals in private off-the-shelf chains will be difficult to trace retroactively, and a user can use “reasonable” means to make money-laundering possible by snooping a digital collection to a natural price, and the seller can then identify itself as a buyer.
（四）传销、非法集资
(iv) Distribution, illegal collection of funds
数字藏品如被利用在以“数字货币”或“数字资产”的名义，采取传销形式扩散、圈钱，承诺收益、回报、回购等手段对用户进行宣传、引导的非法集资活动中，将可能需要承担相应民事甚至刑法律责任。
The use of digital collections in the name of “digital currency” or “digital assets” may entail corresponding civil and even criminal liability for illicit fund-raising activities that spread, circle money, promise income, reward, buy-back, etc. to the users.
（五）类金融、证券化
(v) Financial, securitization
数字藏品如被利用变成投资产品，将权益拆分、批量创设，变相发行、交易金融产品和证券，开展代币发行融资（ICO），集中交易（集中竞价、电子撮合、匿名交易、做市商等）、持续挂牌交易、标准化合约交易等服务，变相违规设立交易场所，将很可能成为非法金融活动承担民事行政甚至刑事法律责任。
The use of digital collections as investment products, the splitting of interests, mass creation, disguised issuance, trading of financial products and securities, the financing of currency issuances (ICOs), centralized transactions (centralized bidding, electronic matching, anonymous transactions, market doing, etc.), ongoing listing transactions, standardized contractual transactions, etc., creates trading premises that may well become civil administrative or even criminal liability for illicit financial activities.
（六）侵权、盗版
(vi) Abuse, piracy
数字藏品核心的特点是依赖区块链建立确权、认证及智能合约、可溯源，限量、不可篡改、不可分割、不可复制，从而让藏品具有唯一的权益属性。数字藏品如无版权审核机制，将无法从源头制止侵权、盗版情况。未经授权发行数字藏品的行为，将构成对著作权人财产权或人身权，以及肖像权、名誉权、荣誉等其他民事权利的侵害。
The core of the digital collection is characterized by reliance on block chains to establish certainty, authentication and intellectual contracts, traceability, limitation, immutable, indivisible, and non-reproducable, thereby giving the collection its sole proprietary attributes. Without copyright clearance mechanisms, digital collections will not be able to stop abuses and piracy from their source. The unauthorized distribution of digital collections will constitute an infringement of copyright rights or personal rights, as well as other civil rights, such as the rights of portraits, reputations, honours and others.
（七）非法出版物
数字藏品如未经网络出版，平台通过信息网络向公众提供具有编辑、制作、加工等出版特征的数字化作品，将可能被作为非法出版物进行处罚。网络出版物是指文学、艺术、科学等领域内具有知识性、思想性的文字、图片、地图、游戏、动漫、音视频读物等原创数字化作品；与已出版的图书、报纸、期刊、音像制品、电子出版物等内容相一致的数字化作品等。
Digital collections are liable to punishment as illegal publications if they are not published online, and the platform provides the public with digital works with publishing features such as editing, production, processing, etc. through an information network. Internet publications refer to original digital works such as intellectual, ideological writing, pictures, maps, games, manipulators, audio-visual readings, etc. that are consistent with published books, newspapers, periodicals, audio-visual products, electronic publications, etc.
（八）信息、数据安全
(viii) Information, data security
数字藏品是依托于区块链这一新兴互联网技术而产生的，虽然区块链技术通过分布式共识机制拥有天然防篡改特性，但是由于信息系统建设及应用管理的复杂性，如果考虑不周，仍然会存在一定的安全风险。
The digital collection is based on the emerging Internet technology of the block chain, which, although it has a natural anti-false features through a distributed consensus mechanism, has a certain security risk if considered poorly, owing to the complexity of information system construction and application management.
区块链系统的安全风险大体上可分为传统互联网系统安全和区块链系统特有安全。传统互联网系统安全问题指通信与网络安全、主机安全和移动安全等普通信息系统相关安全问题，这个部分的技术解决方案虽然相对成熟，但也是很多区块链平台和开发者最为忽视的地方，如不加以重视很容易出现安全漏洞。
The security risks of block-chain systems can be broadly divided into traditional Internet system security and sector-chain-specific security systems. Traditional Internet-system security refers to security issues related to general information systems, such as network security, mainframe security and mobile security.
区块链系统特有安全问题是指区块链技术机制相关的安全问题，如共识机制安全、智能合约安全等，这和传统互联网有着很大的差异，对很多开发者来说，存在一定的门槛，十分容易产生安全漏洞，这也是目前的数字藏品中面临的最大的技术风险。
Block chain-specific security concerns refer to security issues associated with block chain technical mechanisms, such as consensus mechanism security, smart contract security, etc., which differ widely from the traditional Internet, and for many developers there are certain thresholds that can easily create security gaps, which is the greatest technological risk in the current digital collection.
另外，针对数字藏品业务中常见的中心化元数据存储、惰性铸造（发行平台为了节约资源，在用户购买后才进行数字藏品生成）、私钥托管等形式，都很容易受到黑客的技术攻击，造成信息泄露，进一步造成数据损失甚至财产损失。
In addition, centralized metadata storage, inert casting (distribution platforms that generate digital collections after purchase by users in order to save resources) and private key hosting, which are common in digital collections operations, are vulnerable to hacking techniques, resulting in leaks of information, further loss of data and even loss of property.
04
数字藏品规范应用
digital collection code application
（一）数字藏品流程图
1、版权审核：著作权人或经著作权人充分授权的自然人、法人或者非法人组织，将版权作品通过区块链版权服务平台进行确权、认证或省级版权局作品登记；
1. Copyright review: Authors of copyrights or organizations of natural, legal or illegal persons duly authorized by authors of copyrights, for the purpose of validating, authenticating or registering works of provincial copyright offices through block chains of copyright service platforms;
2、授权审核：审核机构对作品授权内容、权益进行审核；
2. Authorisation of the examination: the examination of the content of the work's authorization and the rights and interests of the review body;
3、委托出版：签订委托出版电子协议；
3. Commissioned publications: electronic agreements for commissioning publications;
4、作品上链：作品上链存证，生成区块链数字产品；
4. The upper chain of works: the chain of work is authenticated to produce block chain digital products;
5、网络出版：产品经内容审核，三审三校，形成区块链数字出版产品；
5. Web publishing: content-reviewed products, 3rd Rev., digital publication products forming the block chain;
6、价值评估：产品经价值评估后，拟定产品价格；
6. Value assessment: the formulation of product prices after a valuation of the product;
7、产品发行：产品上架各销售平台进行发行；
7. Product distribution: the products are distributed on the market platforms on which they are placed;
8、产品查询：用户购买后，可在前端平台查询产品相关信息；
Product queries: Once purchased by the user, information about the product can be consulted on the front-end platform;
9、产品使用：产品可在本部分第（十）点所提到的使用场景进行使用；
Product use: The product can be used in the use scenario referred to in point (x) of this Part;
10、资产交易：如是版权资产，进行合法化交易。
10. Asset transactions: in the case of copyrighted assets, legal transactions are carried out.
上述环节的具体操作将在本部分后面的内容中进行说明。
The details of the operation of the above-mentioned links will be described in the context of this section.
（二）区块链底层
数字藏品区块链底层平台在技术选型、节点公信、安全管理、运维保障、运营服务、监管备案6个方面应满足以下要求：
The underlying platform of the digital collection block chain should meet the following six requirements in terms of technology selection, node correspondence, security management, transport security, operational services, regulatory filing:
1、技术选型
1, technical options
区块链服务平台选用的底层技术平台应符合行业相关功能、性能和安全性要求，并通过公信力机构的测评。
The bottom technology platform selected for the block chain service platform should meet industry-related functional, performance and safety requirements and be evaluated through credible institutions.
2、节点公信
区块链节点建设应充分利用区块链技术的优势，实现部分去中心化的业务接入，强化生态效应，提升平台的权威性及公信力。如引入政府、司法、大型国企、产业龙头机构或接入地域性或国家级基础设施平台。
Block chain nodes should be built to take full advantage of block chain technology to achieve partially decentralised business access, strengthen ecological effects, and enhance the platform’s authority and credibility.
3、安全管理
3, security management
针对平台应用过程中的密码密钥安全、智能合约安全、网络环境安全等采取相应防护措施，并通过如智能合约安全性检测、公安部信息安全等级保护测评等检验检测。
Appropriate protective measures are taken against the security of password keys, security of smart contracts, security of the network environment, etc. in the application of the platform, and are tested through tests such as security tests of smart contracts and evaluation of the Ministry of Public Security's information security level.
4、运维保障
4, transport security
区块链平台应拥有专业的运维保障人员、团队以及配套的如监控预警、日常巡检、应急处置等运维管理规范。
Block-chain platforms should have professional security personnel, teams and accompanying guidelines for the management of such dimensions as surveillance and early warning, daily inspections, emergency disposal, etc.
5、运营服务
5, operations
区块链平台应拥有专业的运营人员、团队以及配套的如运营规划、准入机制等运营管理规范。
Block chain platforms should have professional operators, teams and accompanying operational management norms such as business planning, access mechanisms, etc.
6、监管备案
6, regulatory filing
区块链平台应根据相关规定取得有关资质，并接受有关部门的备案监督管理，如完成ICP备案、公安部备案、区块链信息服务备案，接入政府的区块链监管平台等。
The block chain platform shall acquire the relevant qualifications in accordance with the relevant provisions and shall be subject to filing supervision and management by the relevant authorities, such as completing the filing of the ICP, the filing of the Ministry of Public Security, the filing of the block chain information service, access to the government block chain control platform, etc.
（三）版权审核
(iii) Copyright Review
本环节中区块链版权服务平台需对作品进行侵权、盗版审核；著作权人需提交权属证明，所需材料：
The section chain copyright service platform in this segment is subject to infringement, piracy and censorship of works; authors are required to submit certificates of title and required materials:
1、版权局颁发的《作品自愿登记证书》
1. Certificate of voluntary registration of works issued by the Copyright Office
2、区块链有效确权、存证证书。
2. The block chain is validly authenticated and certified.
无权属证明需申请作品确权认证，所需材料：
There is no right to prove the need to apply for authentication of a work; the material is required:
1、作品名称
1. Title of the work
2、作品类别
2. Types of works
3、著作权人
3. Authors of rights
4、作者姓名或名称（著作权人与作者一致直接填报著作权人姓名或名称）
4. Name or name of author (name or name of author that the author is in agreement with the author)
5、作品创作性质
5. The creative nature of the work
6、著作权人身份信息（公司：营业执照；个人：身份证）
6. Information on the identity of authors of copyright (company: business licence; individual: identity card)
7、权利取得方式
VII. HOW RIGHTS ARE ENJOYED
8、权利归属方式及其说明
Modalities of attribution of rights and their description
9、权利拥有状况及其说明
Status and description of rights
10、所有材料均需提交作品自愿登记权利保证书
10. All materials must be submitted with a guarantee of the right to voluntary registration of works
（1）个人作品还需提交：著作权人身份证复印件
(1) Individual works are still to be submitted: a copy of the author's identity card
（2）法人作品还需提交：法人作者证明书、法人单位证件复印件、证明人身份证复印件、证明人签字
(2) The work of a legal person must also be submitted: a certificate from the author of the legal person, a copy of the document of the legal entity, a copy of the identity card of the person attesting to it, a signature of the person attesting to it
（3）委托作品还需提交：委托创作协议、委托创作协议双方身份证明文件
(3) Commission works also have to be submitted: commissioning agreement, documentation attesting to the identity of the parties to the commissioning agreement
（4）职务作品还需提交：职务创作协议、职务创作协议双方身份证明文件
(4) Job creations also have to be submitted: job creation agreements, job creation agreements and documents attesting to the identity of the parties to the job creation agreements
（5）合作作品还需提交：合作创作协议、合作创作协议双方身份证明文件
(5) Co-operative works also have to be submitted: co-authorship agreements, documents attesting to the identity of the parties to the co-authorship agreements
（四）授权审核
(iv) Authorization to review
本环节中区块链版权服务平台需对作品进行授权审核，著作权人或代理方需提供《作品转让（授权）协议》。审核要点：转让的权利种类、地域范围。著作权财产权包括：1、复制权，2、发行权，3、出租权，4、展览权，5、表演权，6、放映权，7、广播权，8、信息网络传播权，9、摄制权，10、改编权，11、翻译权，12、汇编权，13、应当由著作权人享有的使用作品的其他权利。
The copyright platform of the block chain in this section is subject to an authorization review of the work, and authors or agents are required to provide the Agreement on the Transfer (Authorization) of the work. Key points of the review are the types of rights transferred, their territorial scope. The copyright property rights include: 1, right to copy, 2, right to issue, 3, right to lease, 4, right to exhibit, 5, right to perform, 6, right to project, 7, right to broadcast, 8, right to disseminate information network, 9, right to record, 10, right to adapt, 11, right to translate, 12, right to compile, 13, and other rights to use the work that should be enjoyed by authors.
《作品转让（授权）协议》核心要点包括：
The core elements of the Transfer of Works (Authorization) Agreement include:
1、著作权转让。产品类型：版权转让。是指著作权人将著作权中的全部或部分财产权有偿或无偿地移交给他人所有的法律行为。这种转让通常可以通过买卖、互易、赠与或遗赠等方式完成。
1 Transfer of copyright. Type of product: Transfer of copyright.
2、著作权许可。产品类型：数字出版产品。是指著作权人授权他人，在一定条件范围内商业性使用其作品并收取报酬的行为。包括独占许可使用、排他许可使用、普通许可使用。
Copyright licence. Type of product: digital publishing product. This means that the author authorizes another person to use his work on a commercial basis and to be paid for it under certain conditions.
3、限量条款。发挥区块链优势，保障产品发行真实限量。
3-Limitation clauses. Take advantage of the block chain to guarantee the true limit of product distribution.
4、链平台选定条款。选定作品上链区块链，且不应重复上一条链、多重上不同链。
4. The chain platform selects the articles. The upper-chain block chain of the work is selected and should not repeat the upper chain or multiple different chains.
授权审核这一步骤对数字藏品的产品类型和发行权利会产生根本性影响。
The authorization to review this step has a fundamental impact on the type of product and distribution rights of the digital collection.
（五）委托出版
(v) Commissioned publication
本环节中著作权人需与网络出版平台签订《网络出版合同》。合同包含以下要点：1、出版形式：网络出版。2、授予出版单位在许可地域范围，出版作品的专有使用权。
Authors in this section are required to enter into a web publishing contract with a web publishing platform.
出版形式将对产品形态产生直接关系，区块链数字文化产品均可以网络出版形式出版；专有出版使用权，是指出版社在合同中约定的有效期间和使用范围内，独占享有使用出版的权利。
The form of publication will have a direct bearing on the form of the product, and the digital cultural products of the block chain can be published online; the exclusive right to publish means the exclusive right of the publisher to use the publication during the period of validity and within the limits of its use as agreed in the contract.
（六）作品上链
作品上链内容包括：
The top lines of the work include:
1、版权核心要素
1. Core elements of copyright
2、授权核心要素
2. Core elements of the mandate
作品上链存证能使得著作权人作品在链上做到全生命周期全程监理，不可篡改、有据可查。
The chaining of works enables authors'works to be monitored throughout their life cycle, unaltered and documented.
作品如已进行版权登记并已取得到版权证书，作品上链信息需要：
If a work has been registered and obtained a copyright certificate, the information on the upper chain of the work requires:
1、作品样本
1. Samples of works
2、明确作品权利拥有方式
2. Clarifying how the right to work is to be owned
3、著作权人信息（姓名和证件号）
3. Author(s) information (name and document number)
4、明确作品权利取得方式
4. Clarifying the manner in which the right to work is acquired
5、明确作品类型
5. Identification of the type of work
6、作品创作说明
6. Description of the creation of the work
7、转让、发行权利，生成数量
Transfer, right to issue, amount generated
作品完成上链后，形成区块链数字产品，进入网络出版环节。
Upon completion of the upper chain, the work forms the digital product of the block chain into the web publishing chain.
（七）网络出版
本环节由具有国家颁发资质的编辑出版人员进行内容审读，网络出版服务单位实行出版物内容审核责任制度、责任编辑制度、责任校对制度等管理制度，保障网络出版物内容合法，保障出版质量。
The content review is carried out by editors and publishers with State-issued qualifications, and the web publishing services implement regulatory systems such as responsibility for the content of publications, responsibility for editing, responsibility for proofreading, etc., to guarantee the legitimacy of the content and quality of publications published on the web.
网络出版审核要点：
Highlights of the web publishing audit:
1、反对宪法确定的基本原则的；
1. To oppose the fundamental principles established in the Constitution;
2、危害国家统一、主权和领土完整的；
2. against the unity, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the State;
3、泄露国家秘密、危害国家安全或者损害国家荣誉和利益的；
(c) The disclosure of State secrets, endangering the security of the State or undermining the honour and interests of the State;
4、煽动民族仇恨、民族歧视，破坏民族团结，或者侵害民族风俗、习惯的；
4. Incitement to national hatred, ethnic discrimination, violation of national unity or infringement of national customs or customs;
5、宣扬邪教、迷信的；
Those who preach cults and superstitions;
6、散布谣言，扰乱社会秩序，破坏社会稳定的；
The dissemination of rumours that disturb social order and destabilize society;
7、宣扬淫秽、色情、赌博、暴力或者教唆犯罪的；
7. Propagating obscenity, pornography, gambling, violence or incitement to commit a crime;
8、侮辱或者诽谤他人，侵害他人合法权益的；
To insult or defam any person or infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of another person;
9、危害社会公德或者民族优秀文化传统的；
9. Harming the public morals of society or the cultural traditions of national excellence;
10、有法律、行政法规和国家规定禁止的其他内容的。
There are laws, administrative regulations and other provisions which are prohibited by the State.
11、不得含有诱发未成年人模仿违反社会公德和违法犯罪行为的内容，不得含有恐怖、残酷等妨害未成年人身心健康的内容，不得含有披露未成年人个人隐私的内容。
11. There shall be no incitement to a minor to imitate a crime against public morals and against the law. There shall be no terror, no cruelty and no interference with a minor's physical or mental health. There shall be no disclosure of the minor's personal privacy.
12、涉及国家安全、社会安定等方面重大选题的内容，应当按照重大选题备案管理的规定办理备案手续。未经备案的重大选题内容，不得出版。
If you have not already done so, you will not be allowed to publish it.
（八）价值评估
数字藏品价值评估需按照市场公允价格制定，根据其使用价值，制定合理定价，防止背离基本价值，需参考：
The assessment of the value of the digital collections needs to be based on fair market prices and reasonable pricing based on the value of their use to prevent departures from basic values, with reference to:
1、版权市场常规价格区间。
1. General price ranges in the copyright market.
2、数字出版产品常规价格区间。
2. Standard price ranges for digital publishing products.
（九）产品发行
数字藏品发行经过版权审核、授权审核、作品上链、出版发行，形成区块链数字版权或区块链数字出版产品后，能进行合规销售。数字藏品常规发行销售是作为文化产品，而非金融、证券产品。数字藏品中的区块链数字版权产品，如作为数字资产交易，需在具有省级及以上政府批准的交易所，按照相关法律法规进行交易。
Digital collections are regularly distributed and sold as cultural products, not as financial or securities products.
发行中需严格以销售商品、提供服务为真实目的，所有用户需实名注册，区块链版权产品不持续挂牌交易、份额拆分交易、标准化合约交易；区块链版权产品、区块链数字出版产品不开展集中竞价、电子撮合、做市商，不得承诺回报、回购，不提供金融杠杆。
Distribution is strictly based on the sale of goods, the provision of services for real purposes, the registration of all users, the non-continuing listing of block chain copyright products, splitting of shares, standardized contract transactions, and the non-consolidated biding of block chain copyright products, block chain digital publishing products, electronic matchmaking, market-making, no promise of return, buy-back, and no provision of financial leverage.
发行平台要充分利用区块链底层，将用户身份资料与交易记录上链，并将可疑交易活动的监测及报告及时上报相关部门，时刻保持对数字藏品的交易主体、流转过程与转换速度等的监测。
The distribution platform takes full advantage of the bottom of the block chain, links user identification information to transaction records and reports on suspicious transaction activities to the relevant authorities in a timely manner, maintaining constant monitoring of the subject of the transaction, the flow process and the speed of conversion of the digital collection.
（十）使用场景
(x) Use scene
数字藏品的使用，现阶段有以下典型场景：
The use of digital collections is typical of the following scenarios at this stage:
1、作品版权。对版权财产权全部或部分权利进行转让，并可最终形成相关文化产品。
1. Copyright of works. transfers all or part of the right to copyright property and may eventually result in cultural products.
2、数字出版产品。通过网络、电子产品或虚拟空间（元宇宙）将数字产品以有线或无线方式，在选定的时间地点阅读、学习、欣赏、收听、观看、研究等使用产品。
2, digital publishing products. uses digital products to read, study, appreciate, listen to, view, research, etc., either by means of a network, electronic product or virtual space (megascopic cosmos) on a cable or wireless basis at a selected time and place.
数字藏品可参照《著作权法》《物权法》等法律法规进行产品流转，但仅限于使用目的的流转，不可开展炒作、洗钱、代币化、金融化、证券化等挂牌或私下非法交易流转。
The digital collection may be carried out by reference to laws and regulations such as the Copyright Act, the Property Rights Act, but only for the purpose of use, and not by means of speculation, money-laundering, monetization, financialization, securitization, etc., or by illegal private transactions.
数字藏品的衍生应用场景包括：数字保单、数字教育、数字科研、数字门票等。数字藏品为价值互联网和元宇宙提供了核心组件，一定程度上会成为数字经济的产权基础，实现价值的传递与流通。数字藏品与实体经济产业深度融合，将助推国内实体经济的产业结构升级和转型。
The derivative applications of digital collections include digital insurance policies, digital education, digital science, digital entrance tickets, etc. Digital collections provide the core components of the value Internet and meta-cosm, which, to some extent, will form the basis of property rights in the digital economy and allow for the transmission and circulation of values. Digital collections are deeply integrated with real-economy industries, which will contribute to the upgrading and transformation of the industrial structure of the domestic real-economy economy.
（十一）跨链应用
具有相同上链规则和生成流程的不同联盟链上的数字藏品，可实现跨链使用及跨链流转；不同上链规则和生成流程的联盟链上的数字藏品，可通过数字藏品备份链，将数字产品及用户核心信息上链备份，并进行版权审核、授权审核，经数字出版后，实现跨链使用及跨链流转。
Digital collections in different chains with the same upper-chain rules and generation processes allow for cross-chain use and trans-chain flow; digital collections in chains with different upper-chain rules and generation processes can be backed up by digital collections, digital products and core user information, copyright clearance, authorization clearance, and digital publication leading to cross-chain use and trans-link flow.
1、跨链使用。不同联盟链的使用场景，对不同联盟链的数字藏品开放使用。
1. Cross-chain use. The use scenes of different chains of alliances are open to use in digital collections of different chains of alliances.
2、跨链流转。不同联盟链的数字藏品，实现可溯源、不可篡改、唯一性的流转。
2. Trans-link flows. Digital collections in different chains of alliances, with retroactive, non-alterable and unique flows.
05
数字藏品相关资质
qualifications related to digital collections
（一）区块链信息服务备案
2019年国家互联网信息办公室发布了《区块链信息服务管理规定》，要求对信息服务平台如网站等进行网上备案。（网址：https://bcbeian.ifcert.cn/index）
In 2019, the National Internet Information Office published the Block Chain Information Services Regulation, which requires online filing of information service platforms such as websites (https://bcbean.ifcert.cn/index).
管理规定的正式施行标志着我国开始了对区块链信息服务的正式监管。截止2022年5月，网信办已经公布八批备案企业。备案服务内容分三类填写：（三选一）基础设施提供方，应用运营方，技术提供方。包括数字藏品、元宇宙、BaaS等区块链服务都应进行备案，并建议进行区块链信息系统安全等级保护备案。
The formal implementation of regulatory provisions marks the beginning of formal regulation of block chain information services in the country. As of May 2022, the network office had published eight filings.
（二）版权服务工作站
(ii) Copyright Service Workstation
数字藏品平台发行销售产品，应参考具有版权局批准成立的版权服务工作站资质，或发行销售经版权服务工作站审核的产品。
The digital collection platform issues sales products in accordance with the qualifications of the copyright service workstations approved by the Copyright Office or the distribution of products approved by the copyright service workstations.
版权服务工作站可开展版权法律法规及相关知识的宣传、培训；在本区域开展版权咨询、版权登记、纠纷调解、信息服务、与版权相关的统计等专业化服务。
Copyright service workstations can carry out publicity and training on copyright laws and regulations and related knowledge; specialized services such as copyright advice, copyright registration, dispute mediation, information services, copyright-related statistics, etc. in the region.
版权服务工作站资质申请条件：有必要的办公场所、工作经费及熟悉版权相关法律法规且具备版权服务能力的工作人员；产业园区或产业集群区域60%以上的产品与版权有实质性关联；熟悉所在区域版权相关产业情况，能为所在区域的企业提供版权咨询、版权培训、版权登记、纠纷调解、信息服务、与版权相关的统计等专业化服务，协助企业开展版权维权；得到所在区（市）县版权行政管理部门的认可，并积极承担版权行政管理部门委托的相关工作的企事业单位，可向市级及以上版权局申请成立版权服务工作站。
Qualifying conditions for copyright service workstations: necessary office space, work funds and staff who are familiar with copyright-related laws and regulations and have copyright service capabilities; more than 60 per cent of the products in industrial parks or clusters are substantively related to copyright; familiarization with copyright-related industries in their regions, providing specialized services such as copyright advice, copyright training, copyright registration, dispute mediation, information services, copyright-related statistics, etc. for enterprises in their regions and assisting enterprises in the exercise of copyright rights; accreditation by the copyright administration of their districts (municipalities) and counties and active participation in the relevant work commissioned by the copyright administration; application for the establishment of copyright service workstations at the municipal level and above.
（三）网络出版服务许可
(iii) Licence for web publishing
数字藏品平台发行销售产品，应参考具有《网络出版服务许可证》资质，或发行销售经具有《网络出版服务许可证》资质平台出版的产品。
The digital collection platform issues sales products, either with the qualifications of the Web Publishing Service Licence or through the sale of products published by the Web Publishing Service Licence.
《网络出版服务许可证》中许可服务内容具体包括：互联网音像出版物，互联网图书，互联网报纸，互联网杂志，手机出版物，互联网学术出版物，互联网电子出版物、互联网文字出版物、互联网教育出版物，互联网游戏出版物，互联网地图。大部分许可内容不会全部囊括在一个证中，在实际操作中，需对应具体许可服务内容。
The licensed services in the Internet Publishing Service Licence include: Internet audio-visual publications, Internet books, Internet newspapers, Internet magazines, mobile phone publications, Internet academic publications, Internet electronic publications, Internet text publications, Internet education publications, Internet games publications, Internet maps.
（四）增值电信业务经营许可
数字藏品平台如要发行销售产品，应参考具有《增值电信业务经营许可证》。《增值电信业务经营许可证》是指利用公共网络基础设施提供的电信与信息服务的业务的许可证。国家对电信业务经营实行许可制度。经营电信业务，必须依照规定取得国务院信息产业主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市电信管理机构颁发的电信业务经营许可证。未取得电信业务经营许可证，任何组织或个人不得从事电信业务经营活动。
For a digital collection platform to issue a product, reference should be made to the Licence for the Operation of Value Added Telecommunications Operations. The Licence for the Operation of Value Added Telecommunications is a licence for the operation of telecommunications and information services provided through public network infrastructure. The State applies a licensing system for the operation of telecommunications operations.
（五）网络文化经营许可
数字藏品平台如要发行销售产品，应参考具有《网络文化经营许可证》。经营性互联网文化活动是指以营利为目的，通过向上网用户收费或者以电子商务、广告、赞助等方式获取利益，提供互联网文化产品及其服务的活动，需要办理《网络文化经营许可证》，并向省、自治区、直辖市人民政府文化行政部门提出申请。
For a digital collection platform to distribute its products, reference should be made to the Licence for the Operation of Cyber Culture.
（六）产权（数字）交易所
将数字藏品平台的区块链作品版权作为版权数字资产化、证券化产品发行销售的平台，应具有省级或以上政府批准的交易所资质，或由交易所依法发行销售。
Copyright of block-chain works of the digital collection platform as a platform for the digital assetization of copyrights and the distribution and sale of securitized products shall have the qualifications of an exchange approved by the provincial government or more, or be issued by an exchange in accordance with the law.
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