“换汇客户通过网站储值、代付等业务板块下单后，向指定境外账户支付外币。之后，我们利用境外账户以外币购买虚拟货币，在境内卖出虚拟货币，按照约定汇率向客户指定的境内第三方支付平台账户支付相应数量的人民币，从中赚取汇率差及服务费。”据团伙成员郭某钊到案后供述，这个地下钱庄以虚拟货币为媒介从事非法外汇经营，扰乱金融管理秩序。
“Remittance clients pay foreign currency to designated offshore accounts by placing a bill on business panels such as website storage, surcharge, etc. After that, we use foreign currency for foreign accounts to purchase virtual currency, sell virtual currency in the country, pay the platform's accounts to third parties in the country as specified by the client at the agreed rate of exchange, and earn exchange rate differentials and service charges.” According to the group member Guo Xiao Xiao's statement, the underground bank carries out illegal foreign exchange operations using virtual currency as a medium to disrupt the financial management order 2022年6月27日，经上海市宝山区检察院提起公诉，法院以非法经营罪分别判处郭某钊、范某玭有期徒刑五年、有期徒刑三年三个月，各并处罚金；以帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪分别判处詹某祥、梁某钻有期徒刑一年六个月、有期徒刑十个月，各并处罚金。 On 27 June 2022, following a public indictment filed by the Shanghai City Prosecutor's Office, the courts sentenced Guo and Fan and Yan to five years'imprisonment, three months'imprisonment and a fine, respectively, for the offence of illegal business, and Jan and Liang to six months'imprisonment and ten months'imprisonment and a fine, respectively, for the offence of helping to carry out information cybercrime activities. 2023年12月27日，最高检、国家外汇局联合发布惩治涉外汇违法犯罪典型案例，该批典型案例共8件，主要涉及跨境对敲型非法买卖外汇案件，该案是其中之一。 On 27 December 2023, the Supreme Prosecutor and the National Exchange Office jointly issued a standard case against offences involving foreign exchange, of which eight were typical cases involving cross-border illegal foreign exchange transactions, one of which was the case. 账户异动 牵出地下钱庄 {\bord0\shad0\alphaH3D}Get out of the underworld. “该账户交易情况存在异常，可能涉及境内外虚拟货币交易……”2021年5月，公安机关收到移送的线索，一银行账户在2018年1月至2021年4月累计交易2万余笔，其中近五分之一的交易时间都在凌晨、深夜，交易资金流向为购买虚拟货币，再将资金套现转移至境外。公安机关经侦查发现还有许多类似账户，根据账户持有人抽丝剥茧，一个利用虚拟货币为他人进行非法外汇结算的地下钱庄浮出水面。 In May 2021, the public security organs received information that a bank account had accumulated more than 20,000 transactions between January 2018 and April 2021, almost one fifth of which had taken place late in the morning and late in the night, in order to purchase virtual currency and then transfer the funds abroad. On investigation, the public security authorities found that there were many similar accounts in which the holder of the account had taken the bait, and that an underground cash bank using the virtual currency had surfaced to settle the illegal foreign exchange for another person. 根据相关规定，每人每年有5万美元的外汇限额。因此，一些人开始寻找不正规的非法换汇方式，地下钱庄便有了“广阔市场”。 According to the regulations, each person has a foreign exchange limit of $50,000 per year. As a result, some people start looking for irregular, illegal forms of exchange, and underground money houses have a “broad market”. 地下钱庄是指未经国家主管部门批准，擅自从事跨境汇款、资金支付结算业务等活动的机构。作为老板，陈某国（另案处理）开设公司，通过为境外客户提供代充值等服务收取外币，后用外币买入虚拟货币，由范某玭等人通过非法渠道卖出换取人民币，再将人民币转入境外客户的境内账户。如此一来，便完成了换汇。 Underground money houses are institutions that carry out cross-border remittance and settlement operations without the authorization of the state authorities. As the owner, Chen has opened a company that collects foreign currency by providing services such as surcharges for customers abroad, and then buys a virtual currency in foreign currency, which can be sold through illegal channels by Fan Xianang et al. in exchange for the renminbi and then transfers the renminbi to the internal accounts of customers abroad. 提前介入 intervened earlier 引导追踪资金互通链路 leads the tracking of funds “根据《非法金融机构和非法金融业务活动取缔办法》的规定，这类未经中国人民银行批准，擅自设立从事或者从事吸收公众存款、发放贷款、融资担保等金融业务活动的机构属于非法金融机构，而行为人以虚拟货币为媒介实现人民币与外币的跨境转换，则属于新型非法买卖外汇的行为。”2021年9月18日，宝山区检察院依法提前介入此案，联动公安机关、国家外汇管理部门等多次会商研判案件性质后认为，“此类行为使相应外汇买卖脱离监管，直接危害金融管理秩序。” “In accordance with the provisions of the Measures for the Suppression of Illegal Financial Institutions and Illegal Financial Operations, such institutions established without the authorization of the People's Bank of China to carry out or engage in financial operations such as the absorption of public deposits, the granting of loans and financing guarantees are illegal financial institutions, while the transborder conversion of the renminbi into foreign currency by means of a virtual currency is a new type of illegal trade in foreign currency.” On 18 September 2021, the Public Prosecutor's Office of Poshan, in accordance with the law, intervened earlier in the case and, following numerous consultations between the public security organs, the State foreign exchange administration and others, considered that “such acts deregulated the corresponding foreign exchange trade and directly endangered the financial management order”. 由于大部分换汇客户及账户在境外，证言调取难度较大，资金流水也难以查证。因此，检察机关与公安机关将取证固证的关键放在了跨境资金链路的查明上。 The prosecution and public security authorities have placed the key to securing evidence on the identification of cross-border funds. 为确立地下钱庄的犯罪行为模式，检察机关引导公安机关开展侦查取证，通过调取地下钱庄网站后台账户信息、订单记录、银行交易明细、第三方支付平台交易记录，重点讯问涉案人员分工、获利方式以及各环节操作方式和盈利资金，逐一查明涉案资金“外币—虚拟货币—人民币”的跨境流转模式及各行为人的参与程度。 In order to establish the criminal pattern of underground money houses, the Public Prosecutor's Office directs the public security organs to conduct investigations and take evidence, to identify the cross-border movement patterns of the funds involved — foreign currency, virtual currency, renminbi — and the level of involvement of the various actors, by extracting information on the back-office accounts of the underground money houses, order records, bank details and records of third-party payment platforms. “本案涉及外币、虚拟货币、人民币三条币流，因此，如何追踪跨境资金的互通链路是重点。”据检察官介绍，由于三条币流通常并非同步发生，经检察机关建议，公安机关调取了虚拟货币交易平台充值、提币交易记录，与汇兑网站后台数据中的虚拟货币的交易哈希值、交易时间和数量进行比对，确认了外币、虚拟货币、人民币三条币流均由同一团伙操控，从而查明了资金转换过程及犯罪数额。 “This case concerns foreign currency, virtual currency, and the renminbi three currency streams, so the focus is on how to track the interconnectivity of cross-border funds.” According to the prosecutor, since the three currency streams do not usually occur in synchronous fashion, the public security organs, upon the recommendation of the procuratorial authorities, removed the virtual money exchange platform charges, records of currency bills transactions, compared them to the Hashi, transaction times and quantities of the virtual currency in the data at the back of the exchange site, confirming that the foreign currency, the virtual currency, and the renminbi three currency streams are controlled by the same group, thereby identifying the money conversion process and the amount of the crime. 架设网站 全链条运作地下钱庄 runs the Underground Money Bank. 公安机关经侦查发现，在这个地下钱庄里，除老板陈某国外，还有郭某钊负责架设非法汇兑网站及日常维护运行。 On investigation, the public security authorities found that, in this underground money house, in addition to the boss, Chen, there is Guo, who is responsible for setting up illegal exchange sites and maintaining them on a day-to-day basis. 作为公司技术人员，郭某钊和陈某国一手策划架设了网站。当网站后台出现订单不显示、无法提交订单、不显示收款银行账户等问题，以及网站需要维护时，均由郭某钊处理。 As company technicians, Kwok and Chen have set up websites. “网站是针对境外客户的，主要有第三方支付平台代充、购物代付、视频软件代充等业务。”郭某钊交代，境外客户在网站注册成为会员后，通过网站储值、代付等业务板块下单支付外币。陈某国等人将外币通过虚拟货币转换成人民币后，客服再通过第三方支付平台将人民币转给客户，以此完成代充服务。购物代付，则是顾客在购物账户上选定物品后点击“找人代付”功能，将链接发送给客服，客服使用转换后的人民币支付完成交易。手机、游戏、直播充值等业务也是类似操作。 “The website is intended for customers abroad, mainly third-party payment platforms, shopping options, video software, etc..” Guo Xiaoyi explained that when a customer is registered as a member of the website, it pays for foreign currency through a business block such as website storage values, sub-payments, etc. After Chen has converted the foreign currency into a renminbi through a virtual currency, the customer’s dress is transferred to the customer via a third-party payment platform to complete the surrogate service. 检察官介绍，除了技术人员，该案还涉及财务、对接客户处理订单的客服、对接买卖虚拟货币的工作人员。而将虚拟货币与人民币进行转换，则是通过范某玭等人。“我和丈夫，还有几个亲戚组建了团队，从事虚拟货币买卖。陈某国经常卖虚拟货币给我们，他卖币数量很大，折合人民币可以达到几百万元，是个大客户。”据范某玭交代，进行虚拟货币交易活动所需的虚拟货币账户和银行账户，是其找詹某祥、梁某钻等亲戚朋友开设的。 The prosecutor described the case as involving, in addition to technical staff, finance, customer service to customers who handle orders, and staff who buy and sell virtual currency. The conversion of the virtual currency to the renminbi was done through Van Hoon and others. “I and my husband, along with a few relatives, have formed teams for virtual money dealings. Chen's country often sells to us virtual money, and he sells a large amount of currency, which can reach several million yuan and is a large customer.” According to Van Hoon, the virtual currency accounts and bank accounts needed to carry out virtual currency transactions are run by relatives such as Jang and Liang. 作为这个犯罪链条最低层级的账户提供者，詹某祥实名注册虚拟货币账户，又办理了多张银行卡、开通网银，并将这些全部交给范某玭等人使用。而梁某钻明知自己的多张银行卡用于虚拟货币交易，仍默许他人使用，“银行曾提示我银行账户交易频繁存在问题，但是我还是没有收回银行卡。” As an account provider at the lowest level of the criminal chain, Jaya has registered virtual currency accounts, processed multiple bank cards, opened Internet money, and handed them all over to Van Hoon and others. Dr. Liang, knowing that many of his bank cards were used for virtual currency transactions, still acquiesced in their use, “the bank told me that I had frequent problems with my bank account, but I still didn’t take it back.” 加强协作 Strengthening collaboration 合力治理新型外汇犯罪 2022年1月13日，案件被移送审查起诉后，检察机关经商请国家外汇管理部门作出行政认定，明确以虚拟货币为交易媒介实现外汇与人民币的货币价值转换，包括以人民币兑换为虚拟货币、再将虚拟货币兑换成外币，或将外币兑换成虚拟货币、再将虚拟货币兑换为人民币的行为，属于非法买卖外汇行为。 On 13 January 2022, following the referral of the case for review and prosecution, the Public Prosecution Service, acting in a commercial capacity, requested the State foreign exchange administration to make an administrative determination on the explicit use of virtual currency as a medium for the conversion of foreign currency into the currency of the renminbi, including the conversion of the renminbi into a virtual currency, the conversion of the virtual currency into a foreign currency, or the conversion of the foreign currency into a virtual currency, and the conversion of the virtual currency into a currency into a currency of the People's Republic of Korea, as an act of illegal foreign exchange. “团伙中涉及人员多，对涉案人员进行处理要确保罪责刑相一致，对其客观行为和主观明知综合分析、区别处理。”检察官经审查后认为，2018年1月至2021年9月，陈某国等人搭建网站，采用以境外账户收取外币、以境内账户支付人民币的方式进行外汇买卖牟利，非法经营数额总计2.2亿元。 “A group involving a large number of persons must be treated in such a way as to ensure that the punishment is consistent and that their objective conduct and subjective knowledge are analysed and treated in a comprehensive manner.” After examination, the Public Prosecutor concluded that from January 2018 to September 2021, Chen and others had set up a website to profit from foreign exchange transactions by collecting foreign currency from offshore accounts and paying in domestic accounts for the renminbi, with a total of 220 million yuan in illegal operations. 郭某钊作为汇兑网站的搭建者，已构成非法经营罪，其在犯罪团伙中提供技术帮助，不参与具体经营活动及违法所得分成，可认定为从犯；范某玭等人以虚拟货币为媒介帮助陈某国等人进行外币与人民币的汇兑业务，关系密切，属于非法经营罪的共犯，其在犯罪过程中系听从指令操作交易，可认定为从犯；詹某祥、梁某钻分别向范某玭等人提供大量银行账户，詹某祥另提供身份信息供范某玭等人注册虚拟货币交易账户用于涉案交易，并以此获利，虽未直接参与非法买卖外汇，但可证明二人具有帮助信息网络犯罪活动的概括认识，故以帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪定罪量刑。陈某国等人另案处理。 Guo Xiaojun, as a builder of the currency exchange website, has been found guilty of illegal operations by providing technical assistance in criminal gangs, not engaging in specific business activities and sharing the proceeds of the offence, and can be considered as an accessory; Fan Xuan et al., using virtual currency as a medium to assist Chen and others in foreign currency exchange operations, is closely connected and is an accomplice to the offence of illegal operations, and in the course of committing the offence, is acting on instructions and can be found to be an accessory; Jan Xiang and Liang Xian have provided Fan Xian and others, respectively, with a large number of bank accounts, and Jan Xiang Xiang Xiang and others with identity information for the purpose of registering and profiting from the transaction; although they have not been directly involved in the illicit trade of foreign currency, they can prove that they have a general understanding of information cybercrime activities, thereby helping to convict them for information cybercrime activities. 2022年2月11日，宝山区检察院对上述涉案人员提起公诉。 On 11 February 2022, the Public Prosecutor's Office of the Pocahontas filed an indictment against the above-mentioned persons. “本案中，不法分子利用虚拟货币匿名交易、去中心化、无国界的特点进行跨境转移资产，加剧了金融犯罪危害程度。”检察官表示，此举也加大了金融犯罪查处难度，严重危害国家金融安全，“我们将与外汇管理部门、公安机关等加强沟通协作，共同研究解决办案中出现的新情况、新问题，对此类新型外汇犯罪进行严厉打击。” “In this case, the risk of financial crime is exacerbated by the use of virtual currency anonymous transactions, de-centralization and cross-border transfers of assets by outlaws without borders.” The Prosecutor states that this has also increased the difficulty of financial crime detection and seriously jeopardized the country's financial security. “We will work together with foreign exchange authorities, public security organs, etc., to resolve new situations and problems that have arisen in the case and to combat such new types of foreign currency crime severely.”
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