文/尹宁
/Yunning >
出品/陀螺研究院
Production/Girl Research Institute
平稳增长的产业区块链正泛起点点涟漪，今年以来，我国区块链产业呈现蓬勃发展之势，政策、技术、应用多点开花，不仅技术方向呈现出模块化、组件化、集成化等成熟趋势，应用方向也逐步由顶层引导的规模性试点迈入专业应用融合阶段，而政策方向上，也正有向顶层融入趋势。
Since the beginning of this year, the industrial block chain, which has grown steadily, has become dynamic, with policies, technologies, applications and other mature trends in technology, not only in modularization, componentization and integration, but also in the integration phase of professional applications, which is gradually being implemented on a scale pilot led by the top, as well as on a policy-oriented basis.
今年，中共中央、国务院等国家层面发布政策6条，不仅在全国统一大市场的广泛性政策中提及，并同时涵盖了区块链在数字文化、提振消费、交通运输以及促稳经济等多个层面的应用。另一方面，最高人民法院发布《最高人民法院关于加强区块链司法应用的意见》，提出区块链技术在提升司法公信力、提高司法效率、增强司法协同能力、服务经济社会治理等四个方面典型场景应用方向。可以看出，区块链政策正由战略规划向经济建设与社会治理等实用方向落地下沉。
In addition, the Supreme People’s Court issued the Opinion of the Supreme People’s Court on Strengthening the Judicial Application of the Block Chain, suggesting that block-chain technology should be applied in four areas: enhancing judicial credibility, judicial efficiency, judicial synergy, and social and economic governance. As can be seen, block-chain policies are falling from strategic planning to economic and social governance.
在此背景下，除苏州外，近日武汉、郑州、昆明获得工信部批复创建国家区块链发展先导区，目前，我国已有四大区块链发展先导区。作为区块链先导区，四地的选择不仅具有极强的战略意义，也将为全国区块链发展创建典型示范样本。
In this context, with the exception of Suzhou, in recent days Wuhan, Zhengzhou, and Kunming have been granted permission by the Ministry of Industry and Communications to create a national block chain development pilot zone, which now has four main blocks. As a block chain pilot, the selection of the four sites will not only be extremely strategic, but will also create a model model for the development of the country’s block chain.
场址共通：区域集聚，政策引导
site common: regional gathering, policy direction
从地区选择而言，所选四大地区分处于中部、南部、西部三大地区，分散性较强，但均所处于城市集群集聚带，具有较强的辐射带动效应以及广阔的协作空间。苏州为我国典型南部城市，地处长三角发展区，具备链接沪浙皖的重要区位；武汉为中部地区的中心城市，九省通衢、交通便利；郑州为中原城市群核心城市；而昆明坐落西部，在滇中城市群中拔得头筹。从区块链的技术特点而言，其对于信用协作成本高，尤其是在跨地方、跨系统、跨空间的领域中具有强的应用价值，因此，从场址选择来看，尽管相对于北上广深等综合实力强劲的城市，四大城市并非为当下区块链发展的第一梯队，但城市群推广的战略意义已然凸显，后续以点带面，通过区块链技术试点实现区域间要素流通与协作的应用空间广阔。
In terms of territorial selection, the four areas selected are located in the central, southern and western regions, with a high degree of dispersion, but with a strong concentration of urban clusters, with a strong radiation-driven and broad scope for collaboration. Suzhou is a typical southern city, with a triangular development zone with a significant location linked to it; Wuhan is the centre city of the central region, with nine provinces and transport facilities; Chung is the central city of the central city; and Kunming is located in the western part of the central city; and Kunming is home to the central city of the central city, where he is able to raise his head in the central city. In terms of the technical characteristics of the regional chain, it has a strong application value for credit collaboration, especially in the field of trans-local, inter-systemal and trans-spaced areas, so that, in terms of site selection, the four major cities are not the first stage of development of the immediate chain, but the strategic importance of urban outreach has been highlighted, followed by a large number of applications for interregional factor flow and collaboration through the technology piloting of the regional chains.
另一方面，从政策引导而言，四大城市均出台了区块链相关的引导政策，为城市区块链产业发展奠定基础，但侧重点略有不一。其中，武汉在政策方向颇为关注，出台了3条一贯性政策，落地性与实操性较强，从整体目标到实施路径再到政策扶持方向均有所提及，并明确了时间节点，提出在2021-2023年内加快建成区块链创新发展体系，将武汉打造成为具有全国影响力的区块链之城。作为最早被划为区块链发展先导区的苏州，尽管政策总数略微次之，但政策先机已显，在2020年就已推出《关于加快推动区块链技术和产业创新发展的实施意见（2020-2022），明确责任部门与工作重点，现已处于成效检验阶段。而郑州与昆明则稍逊一筹，郑州于今年8月出台《中原科技城促进区块链科技创新和产业发展办法》，以区域产业载体推动区块链产业发展。而昆明则聚焦于省级区块链政策的响应配合，出台《昆明市贯彻落实云南省支持区块链产业发展若干措施的工作方案》，方案仍侧重于规划层面，从宏观导向方面予以产业指导。
On the other hand, in terms of policy guidance, four major cities have introduced a policy-oriented policy-oriented orientation to accelerate the development of the sector-based innovation development system by 2021-2023 and to create Wuhan as a city with a nationwide influence. As Suzhou, which was the first region to be classified as a pilot area for the development of the sector-based infrastructure, has been given considerable attention, despite the fact that three policy-oriented and consistent policies have been introduced, both land-based and practical, from the overall objective to the path of implementation to the direction of policy support, with clear lines of responsibility and priorities, which are now in the phase of effectiveness tests. As a result, Chung County and Kunming have been preparing for the creation of a city-wide infrastructure.
发展现状：根据定位与属性的差异化发展路径
从具体的区块链发展而言，四地区块链发展情况不一，但总体仍处于快速增长阶段，产业链条、产业载体、产业应用均在不断优化与完善中。
In terms of specific block chain development, the four-area chain has evolved differently, but overall it is still at a fast-growing stage, with industrial chains, industrial carriers and industrial applications constantly being optimized and refined.
苏州：率先获批抢占窗口期，成果凸显
Suzhou: first seized window period with results highlighted
苏州于2021年成为全国首个正式获批创建国家区块链发展先导区的城市，其试点主要以区域模式开展，具体来看，苏州以相城区为核心，高新区和工业园区为应用示范区，以沿沪宁线的“产业发展带”和沿苏嘉杭高速的“融合应用带”为基准，构建了“一核、两区、两带”的发展格局，通过积极的产业布局发挥区块链的潜在价值。
In 2021, Suzhou became the country's first officially approved city to create a national block chain to develop pilot areas, with the pilot being carried out mainly on a regional basis. Specifically, Suzhou uses the conjunct zone as its core, with the high-renovation and industrial parks as model areas for application, using as a benchmark the “industrial development belt” along the Aring Line and the “integration application belt” along the Sugahang high-speed, creating a “nuclear, bizonal and bizonal” development pattern that uses active industrial layouts to leverage the potential value of the block chain.
在政策已实行约2年后，苏州区块链已迎来了成果检验期，区域发展成效已显。根据企查查数据，苏州已有区块链企业2874 家，涌现出苏州市相城区块链科技有限公司、苏州同济区块链研究院有限公司等代表性企业。在基础设施方向，昆山已成为国家级区块链基础星火链网的骨干节点之一，可信数据管理平台、中小微区块链供应链金融公共服务平台，相城区三资监管链等公共服务基础设施如雨后春笋般出现。而以相城区为重点发展对象的区块链发展区，已集聚区块链技术和应用企业近百家，其技术链条趋于完善，涵盖底层技术与协议、中层服务平台、上层融合应用的全产业链体系。
In terms of infrastructure, Quanshan has become one of the backbone nodes of the country’s basic grid of grids, a credible data management platform, a financial public service platform for the supply chain of small and medium-sized blocks, and a public service infrastructure such as the three-capital chain of custody in the city’s urban areas, which has developed in close to 100 enterprises with a focus on the city’s urban areas. The technological chain has been refined to cover bottom-level technology and protocols, mid-level service platforms, and whole-industry systems for upper-level integration.
应用方向，苏州更是可圈可点，在电子政务、金融服务、社会治理、工业互联网等多个领域落地典型示范项目，据披露，苏州开放各类应用场景50余个，完成市级及以上试点示范项目25个。在近日公布的江苏省区块链产业发展试点示范项目名单中，苏州市以8 个项目数占据试点总数的40%，位列全省首位。
In the application direction, Suzhou is more relevant, with model demonstration projects in various fields, such as e-government, financial services, social governance, and the industrial Internet. It has been revealed that Suzhou has opened up more than 50 applications and completed 25 pilot projects at the municipal level and above. In the recently published list of pilot pilot projects for the development of block-chain industries in Jiangsu province, Suzhou city accounted for 40 per cent of the total number of pilot projects, ranking first in the province.
武汉：聚焦基础设施，政务领域表现亮眼
作为中部特大城市、天然具有区位链接优势的武汉，在区块链发展中更侧重于以节点为核心发挥中心杠杆作用，因而与其他城市对比，武汉在区块链基础设施方向优势凸显。在基础设施建设上，武汉与两大国家级区块链基础设施达成合作，不仅成为星火·链网六大超级节点之一，建设区块链服务网络（BSN）武汉城市主干网，也兼顾了本土应用的底层网络构建。
Wuhan, a mega-cities with natural locational linkages, has placed greater emphasis on nodes as central levers in the development of the block chain, thus highlighting the advantage of Wuhan in the direction of the block infrastructure compared to other cities. In infrastructure development, Wuhan has worked with two major national block infrastructure facilities, becoming not only one of the six super-nodes of the Starfire Chain Network, building the BSN network of the Wuhan City backbone, but also taking into account the bottom-of-the-line network of indigenous applications.
基础设施的健全反哺区块链产业发展，尤其在政府服务等重基建领域，武汉表现亮眼。在政务领域，武汉市政务服务和大数据管理局组织建设的城市大脑区块链中枢已于去年上线，该平台可为全市政务系统提供链上用户以及数据权限的认证服务，支撑用户快速建链，同时为第三方业务流程再造提供便捷化的开发工具。武汉政数局、税务局、检察院、红十字会医院等多家机构已开始将区块链应用于其业务运营中。
In the area of government, the central hub of the urban brain block chain, organized by the Wuhan Municipal Service and the Big Data Authority, has been on the line last year. The platform provides a chain-of-custody user and data-access certification service for the entire municipal system, supporting rapid chain-building by users, while providing easy development tools for the re-engineering of third-party business processes. A number of institutions, such as the Wuhan Administration, the Tax Administration, the Public Prosecution Service, and the Red Cross Hospital, have begun to apply the chain to their operations.
此外，武汉也正积极推动产业联盟、产业基地、研究机构建设，构建区块链发展创新生态。据披露，武汉已聚集区块链企业143家，其中核心企业47家，并拥有江汉区区块链产业园、东湖开发区光谷区块链众创空间、硚口区区块链产业园等园区和孵化器等多家产业空间载体，同时设有武汉市区块链产业研究院、华中区块链融合创新中心等多家研究机构。
In addition, Wuhan is actively promoting industrial alliances, industrial bases, research institutions, and the development of innovative ecology in building block chains. It has been revealed that there are 143 block-link companies in Wuhan, of which 47 are core companies, with multi-industry space carriers such as the Jianghan sector block-chain estate, the East Lake Development Area Light Valley sector grid-building spaces, and parks and incubators such as block-chain industrial parks, along with research institutes such as the Wuhan Urban Area Chain Industry Institute and the China Central Zone Chain Integration Innovation Centre.
郑州：科研实力强劲，后发优势显著
相比于其他城市，在区块链发展方面，郑州发展稍显滞后，但由于数字经济基础雄厚、市场广阔、研发实力强劲等原因，其仍具备一定的后发优势，近年来，郑州区块链仍得到了迅速发展。
In comparison with other cities, the development of Chengzhou has been somewhat lagging behind in the development of the block chain, but because of its strong digital economic base, large markets and strong R & D capabilities, it still has some backward edges, and in recent years it has been developing rapidly.
从企业来看，截止至今，郑州市登记从事区块链业务的企业600多家，全市各区块链应用服务企业超过5200家。在区块链创新能力上，凭借解放军战略支援部队信息工程大学、郑州大学、中电科27所、国家超级计算郑州中心等实力强劲的科研院所和创新机构支撑，郑州在区块链的理论、技术与应用研究方面处于全国先进水平，尤其是区块链底层技术密码学与安全领域，不仅建有全国仅5所的密码示范学院之一，还坐拥网络安全示范学院之一，已培育形成郑州高新区、金水区两个网络安全产业发展相对集中的产业集群。
As far as enterprises are concerned, the city of Chengzhou has registered more than 600 enterprises engaged in block chain operations, and there are more than 5,200 block chain application services throughout the city. In the area of block chain innovation, supported by strong scientific institutes and institutions such as the Army Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou University, China Electric Section 27, and the National Super-Computing State Centre, Zhengzhou is at a national advanced level in the theoretical, technical and applied research aspects of the block chain, in particular in the field of technical cryptology and security at the bottom of the block chain, with one of only five cipher demonstration institutes in the country and one of the network security model institutes, which has developed a relatively concentrated industrial cluster of two network security industries, namely, the High New District of Chengzhou and the Golden Water District.
值得注意的是，郑州借鉴了苏州经验，以郑东新区为主要发展点，推出中原科技城促进区块链科技创新和产业发展办法》，以政策扶持实现区块链企业集聚，从而推进区块科技创新和产业发展。近日，河南省区块链产业园区在郑东新区正式揭牌成立，也标志着全国区块链产业园再添一员，上海格尔软件、杭州趣链科技、布比（北京）网络、九州通区块链、深圳超算、头盛见网络、中盾云安等知名企业均成为首批入驻企业。
It is worth noting that Chengzhou, drawing on the experience of Suzhou, launched the China-China Science-Technology City initiative to promote science, technology and innovation and industrial development as its main development point, in order to promote technological innovation and industrial development by providing policy support for the formation of clusters of enterprises. In recent days, the Henan Sector Block Chain Industrial Park was officially inaugurated in Chengdong District. It also marked the addition of a new member of the country’s sector chain of industrial parks, such as Shanghai Haegar software, Hangzhou interesting chain of science and technology, Bubi (Beijing) network, Kyushu Canton’s chain of blocks, Shenzhen’s super-county, China’s top view network, and China’s shield Yunan, among others, as the first companies to enter the business.
昆明：关注实体融合，以本土特色向外延申
作为省会城市，昆明市是云南省区块链规划的主要支点，与其他城市略有不同，由于有限的产业多样性，昆明区块链发展更多关注实体的融合应用，旨在以本土农业为重点产业，以本地特色应用场景为抓手向外延伸，推动构建产业生态，尤其在普洱茶溯源、特色农产品追溯和智慧农业领域应用独树一帜。
As the provincial capital city, Kunming City is the main support point for the planning of the Yunnan sector block chain, which is slightly different from other cities. Due to the limited industrial diversity, Kunming sector chains develop more focused entity integration applications aimed at focusing on indigenous agriculture, extending the local application landscape to the outside, and promoting the construction of industrial ecology, particularly in the areas of tea traceability, specialty agricultural products and intelligent agriculture.
具体而言，昆明市五华科技产业园坐落全国第一个省级区块链中心云南省区块链中心，华为、腾讯、阿里、趣链、圣加南等众多知名企业入驻，区块链信息服务项目在国家备案数量达69个，排名全国第6位。在溯源应用方向，云南不仅从省级层面推出区块链溯源商品码“孔雀码”，州市级区块链溯源平台应用“数字文山三七”和“文山三七码”也不断发展。此外，云南省区块链平台、云南生物资源区块链大数据平台、昆明市区块链公共服务平台相继成立，应用效能凸显。以云南生物资源区块链大数据平台为例，旨在实现整合、汇集、治理海量生物资源数据，已形成109个数据集，包含18525条植物、13346条动物、5230条微生物以及12134条生物医药科学数据资源。
In particular, in the direction of retroactive application, Yunnan not only introduced the sector-based commodity code, the peacock code, from the provincial level, but also developed in the context of the state-level sector-based traceability platforms “Digital Mountain Thirty-seven” and “Munsan Thirty-seven Codes.” In addition, the Yunnan sector-based platform, the Yunnan Area-Service Data Platform, the Yunnan Area-Service Data Platform, and the Kunming City-Services Public Service Platform have been set up successively, with an emphasis on their effectiveness. The Yunnan Area-Service Data Platform, for example, aims to integrate, compile and manage data on sea-based living resources, has developed 109 data sets containing 18525 plants, 13346 animals, 5230 micro-organisms, and 12134 bio-medical and scientific resources.
可以看出，昆明正以区块链技术为核心，实现本土数字化水平的加速追赶，助力昆明市新基建建设和区块链产业生态发展。
It can be seen that Kunming is focusing on block chain technology to achieve accelerated catch-up at the level of local digitalization and to contribute to the construction of new infrastructure in Likunming City and the ecological development of block chain industries.
后续趋势：延续现有政策，遵循国家区块链发展先导区建设方案
就当下而言，在顶层设计的指引下，四大区块链先导区均贴合本土特性与政策，因地制宜的开展差异化区块链产业之路，并取得了优异的成绩。通过四地先导区的设置，一方面，以片区扩展至全域的区块链发展路径初步成型，本土区块链产业实现蓬勃发展，打造区块链示范样板，另一方面，作为数字经济的底层技术基石，区块链在城市集群的联动协同效应逐步发挥能效，在应用层面开始涌现诸如长三角跨省区块链平台等跨域系统，进一步提升城市集群内部的要素流转效率，也为数字产业化与数字治理奠定了基础。
At the present time, under the direction of the top-level design, the four block-chain pilot areas are aligned with indigenous characteristics and policies, with differentiated block-chain industry paths adapted to the local context, and with excellent results. Through the installation of the four-point pilot zone, on the one hand, the initial formation of the development path of the block-chain, which extends to the whole area, and on the other hand, the booming development of the indigenous block-chain industry, as well as the building of a demonstration model of the block-chain, and, on the other hand, as the bottom technological cornerstone of the digital economy, the energy efficiency of the linkages of the block-chain in the urban cluster has gradually begun to emerge, at the application level, cross-area systems such as the long-triangular and trans-provincial block-chain platform, further improving the flow of elements within the urban cluster and laying the foundation for digital industrialization and digital governance.
而四地的下一步行动，根据各地的《国家区块链发展先导区建设方案》可窥见一斑，苏州、仍延续区块链专项的方向，以2023年为节点，持续以相城区作为区块链底层研发与应用集聚区，以工业园区、苏州高新园区为两翼牵引融入“沪宁”与“苏嘉杭”线产业带，在推动区域协同发展上发力。郑州则着力发挥枢纽作用，聚焦于当地大物流、大产业、大市场独特优势，推动区块链与本土工业融入，并带动区域间工业产业发展，区块链+工业互联网等融合应用将在一段时期成为其发展的主旋律。
As the next step, and in accordance with the National Building Programme for the Development of the National Block Chains, it is clear that Suzhou, which continues to focus on the specific direction of the block chain, will continue to use the conglomerate of sub-blocks for research and development and application, using the conglomerates as nodes of 2023, with industrial parks and high-rises in Suzhou leading to the integration of the two wings into the “Sunning” and “Sugahang” poles of industry. For a period of time, Zhengzhou will focus on its pivotal role, focusing on the unique advantages of large local logistics, large industries, large markets, promoting the integration of the block chain with local industries, and leading to the development of interregional industrial industries.
武汉与昆明虽还未公布建设方案细节，但从其他政策信息与高层发言来看，武汉依托强有力的研发与信息产业基础，布设完善市级区块链基础设施，推进区块链与城市治理、实体经济、数字经济、民生服务等领域的融合应用、协同发展的方向不变，后续或将会持续聚焦区块链基建与民生应用。
Although Vuhan and Kunming have not yet published the details of the construction programme, other policy messages and high-level statements suggest that Vuhan is building on a strong research and development and information industry base, laying out a well-developed infrastructure of municipal block chains, promoting integrated applications, synergistic development in the areas of block chains and urban governance, the real economy, the digital economy, human services, etc., with follow-up or continued focus on infrastructure and people-to-people applications.
而作为政策步伐稍显滞后的昆明，一方面，需加强政策扶持力度，完善顶层设计，在配合省级政策的前提下，积极考虑下沉出台市级区块链发展行动专项，明确行动节点与任务；而另一方面，昆明仍始终会遵循实体经济技术、管理、模式融合创新原则，并坚持以点带面,从线到片,逐步形成面向南亚东南亚、在全国有影响力的区块链产业基地和示范引领基地。
On the one hand, as Kunming, whose pace of policy lags somewhat behind, there is a need to strengthen policy support and improve top-level design and, in line with provincial policies, to actively consider the sinking of municipal block-chain development initiatives, identifying operational nodes and tasks; on the other hand, Kunming will always adhere to the principles of real economic technology, management, model integration and innovation, and will insist on the gradual formation of sector-chain industrial bases and demonstration guides for South-East Asia with national influence.
结束语
以上通过选址共通点、发展现状、政策动向等维度对上述四大区块链发展先导区城市进行了简单对比，但总体来说，各地均依据不同的城市属性、定位角色以及区域维度，对于区块链发展采取了因地制宜兼具区域协调的策略，以不同的抓手与重点推动区块链产业的创新发展，为区块链基础设施、应用示范、创新能力、市场主体创造了发展环境，也为区块链在全国的规模化发展奠定了有利基础。
While the above-mentioned four-sector development pilot cities are contrasted in terms of locational co-location, state of development, and policy direction, in general, according to different urban attributes, positioning roles and regional dimensions, the development of the block chain is accompanied by a geographically tailored and regionally coordinated strategy that promotes innovative development of the sector chain industry with different captures and priorities, creating a development environment for the sector chain infrastructure, application demonstration, innovation capabilities and market agents, and creating a favourable basis for the development of the sector chain on a national scale.
从纷至沓来的政策与应用可以看出，尽管由于价值属性与技术限制，当下区块链多集中于G/B侧，先政府、后市场格局凸显，众多民众对于区块链应用实感仍处于渗透阶段，但区块链技术已经开始在社会治理与经济发展中初露锋芒。而后续区块链产业的发展，除了在纵深度方向会在社会治理与新基建领域持续下沉外，其仍会在商贸、制造、金融、司法、能源等更多领域快速拓展，除了为人熟知的数字藏品，面向C端的应用场景也将有望出现创新。
As can be seen from the wide range of policies and applications, despite the concentration of the lower block chain on the G/B side due to value attributes and technological constraints, the pre-government and post-market patterns highlight the fact that many people’s application of the block chain is still permeating, the technology of the block chain has begun to surface in social governance and economic development. And, in addition to continuing to sink in the area of social governance and new infrastructure in the long and deep direction, the sector’s development will continue to expand rapidly in a wider range of areas such as commerce, manufacturing, finance, justice, and energy.
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