矿业编年史系列：史上最强矿机知识汇总
History Series on Mining: A collection of the most powerful mining machines in history
来源：金色财经
什么是矿机
What's a miner?
矿机，顾名思义，用于挖掘（生产）加密货币的机器。广义的说，矿机可以是一切可以运行挖矿程序的机器，比如专业矿机、家用电脑、智能手机、服务器、智能路由器、智能手表、智能电视机等等。
Miners, by definition, are machines used to excavate (manufacturing) encrypted money. Broadly speaking, a miner can be anything that can run a mining process, such as a specialized miner, a home computer, a smart phone, a server, a smart router, a smart watch, a smart TV, etc.
狭义的说，矿机指的是专业挖矿设备，比如ASIC矿机、显卡矿机，以及一些币种的专属矿机（PFS矿机）等。
In the narrow sense, mining machines refer to specialized mining equipment, such as ASIC machines, card machines and some currency exclusive mining machines (PFS machines).
矿机是如何挖掘比特币的
How the miner excavated bitcoin
要回答这个问题，就要从比特币的共识机制——工作量证明（PoW）说起。
To answer that question, it would have to start with the consensus mechanism of Bitcoin — PoW.
在比特币的系统，记录交易生产区块是最重要的工作，为了鼓励大家都来参与交易账本的记录，中本聪设计出了奖励机制，用比特币作为奖励。
In the Bitcoin system, recording trading production blocks is the most important task, and in order to encourage everyone to participate in the records of the transaction books, Central Hsing designed an incentive mechanism, using Bitcoin as an incentive.
但是记账这个工作可不是那么简单，因为基于比特币去中心化的思想，每个节点每个矿工都参与记账，而且必须保证所有人记录的账本都是相同的。
But the task of bookkeeping is not so simple, because, based on the idea of centralizing bitcoin, every miner is involved in bookkeeping at every node and must ensure that the books recorded by everyone are the same.
矿工在收集交易信息并记录的时候，每个矿工记录的内容并不完全相同，特别是第一条，矿工记的肯定是把挖矿的奖励给自己。但是每产生一个区块链只有一次奖励，这个奖励给谁？这就需要立一个规矩，并且是大家都认可的规矩，也就是工作量证明PoW机制。
Miners do not record exactly the same content when collecting transactional information and recording it, especially the first one, where miners must give themselves an incentive to dig. But for every block chain they produce, who does it? This requires a rule, and one that everyone agrees with, that is, a workload proof of the PoW mechanism.
比特币系统会让大家求解一个数学题（计算hash值），谁最先求解出来，那么他所记录的区块就会被认同，奖励就归他所有。而比求解速度就要看谁的电脑性能更高。
The bitcoin system will allow you to solve a mathematical question (calculating the hash), and whoever first tries to solve it, then the blocks he records will be recognized and the reward will be his. And the speed of the solution will depend on whose computer performance is higher.
正是如此，所以现在每个人都在增强自己的电脑、挖矿机的运算性能，提高解题速度，谁的速度（算力）最高，挖到矿的几率就越高，赚到的钱也就越多。
That is why everyone is now increasing their computer, miner's computing performance, increasing the speed of problem resolution, who has the highest speed, the more likely they are to dig into a mine, and the more money they earn.
用个形象的比喻，工作量证明机制与拔河比赛很类似，哪一方的力量大（算力高）哪一方就能拉赢对方。而且拔河的绳子两边，并不在意你是胖子还是瘦子，人数有多少，于是为了得到奖励，可以很多人聚集为一伙，最后得奖了根据每个人出力多少来瓜分奖励。 而这在比特币挖矿里，召集好多人一起挖矿，就是“矿池”的概念。
By way of illustration, the workload proves that the mechanism is very similar to the tug of war, and which side is powerful enough to win. And, on both sides of the tug of war, it doesn’t matter whether you are fat or skinny, how many.
综上所言，比特币矿机挖矿，实际上就是用机器去参加一场数学比赛，谁先计算出来答案，谁就会获得比特币奖励。
To sum up, a bitcoin miner actually uses a machine to participate in a math competition, and whoever calculates the answer first gets a bitcoin reward.
什么是矿池
What's a pond?
矿池可以看成是由很多矿工组成的联盟，或者说帮派。由于比特币等加密货币的全网算力相当巨大，单个矿工（矿场）所掌握的算力在整个网络中微不足道，单兵作战的挖矿收益几乎为0。为了解决这个问题，很多矿工把算力集中在一起，组成一个庞大的算力组织，挖矿所得的收益再根据每个矿工贡献的算力占比，进行分配，形成一个利益共同体，这就是矿池。
In order to solve this problem, many miners pool their value together, form a large arithmetic organization, and the proceeds of mining are distributed in proportion to the value of each miner's contribution, and form a community of interests, that is, a pool of interests.
加密货币都是通过挖矿产生的吗？
不是。主要看共识机制，一般采用PoW或者其他计量贡献率的共识（比如ipfs的PoSt），才需要挖矿，而像EOS等采用DPoS共识的币种并不需要挖矿。
No. Depending mainly on the consensus mechanism, mining is required only if there is a PoW or other consensus to measure the rate of contribution (e.g., the Post of ipfs), and currencies such as EOS that use the DPOS consensus do not require mining.
另外，最近热门的STO模式发行的加密货币，大都也不需要挖矿产生，而是在证券化的过程中直接产生的。
In addition, most of the recently popular STO models issue encrypted currencies that do not need to be mined, but are generated directly in the process of securitization.
综上，加密货币中除去比特币等几大老牌加密货币，以及一些积分用途的加密货币外，大多数币种并非挖矿产生的。
In summary, most of the encrypted currencies are not mined, except for a few old encrypted currencies, such as Bitcoin, and some encoded currencies for integral use.
2100万枚比特币全部挖完之后，矿工挖矿还有收益吗？
After all of the 21 million bitcoins have been dug up, is there any profit from the miner's mining?
有收益。挖矿收益主要由出矿奖励与矿工费组成，所以比特币全部挖完之后矿工依然有矿工费收益，比特币网络还会维持正常运行。
There are benefits. The mining proceeds consist mainly of mining incentives and miners’ fees, so that miners will still have miners’ fees after all bitcoin has been dug and the Bitcoin network will continue to function normally.
其他PoW挖矿产生的加密货币，也都是类似的情况。在全部加密货币都被挖掘出来后，矿工挖矿还有矿工费收入。
The same is true of other encrypted money generated by the PoW. After all the encrypted money has been excavated, miners also earn the miners’ fees.
什么矿工费
what miner's fee
答：交易费（矿工费）就是指在加密货币交易中，需要支付的手续费。加密货币转账由矿工打包完成，交易费是支付给他们的劳动报酬。交易费的多少通常是动态变化，因为矿工会优先处理费用给的高的用户的交易。所以在网络拥堵时，热门为了提高转账速度，会增加交易费，这是为什么矿工费提高往往是由于网络拥堵有关联的原因。
Answer: Transaction fees (miners’ fees) refer to the charges to be paid in the case of encrypted currency transactions. Encrypted money transfers are packed by miners, and transaction fees are paid for their labour. The amount of transaction fees is usually dynamic, as mining unions give priority to dealing with high-cost users.
当前主流矿机有哪些分类。
What is the classification of the current mainstream miner at ?
按硬件分，当前矿机主要分为ASIC矿机、显卡矿机，以及特定币种的专用矿机（例如IPFS硬盘矿机、挖矿路由等）。在历史上，还曾出现过FPGA矿机等矿机。
In terms of hardware, the current mining machines are divided mainly into ASIC machines, card machines, and specialized machines in specific currencies (e.g., IPFS hard drive machines, mining routes, etc.). Historically, there have also been mining machines such as FPGA machines.
按币种分，有比特币矿机、以太坊矿机、莱特币矿机等等。
In currency terms, there are Bitcoin machines, Etheria machines, Letco machines, etc.
按矿机所有权分，可以分为本地矿机与云矿机。
The distribution by miner ownership can be divided into local miner and cloud machine.
矿机里所说的7nm芯片是什么
What's the 7nm chip in the mine?
7nm，也就是7纳米，它是一个长度单位。在集成电路领域完整的叫法应该是7nm制程工艺，或者7nm工艺。它表示在集成电路（芯片）中，一个元件的尺寸可以做到7nm那么微小。以此类推，16nm工艺的意思是元件可以做到16nm大小。很显然，元件尺寸越微小，技术越先进，制造难度越高。
7 nm, or 7 nm, is a length unit. A complete call in the area of integrated circuits should be the 7nm process, or the 7nm process. It means that a component can be as small as 7 nm in the integrated circuit (chips). By extension, the 16nm process means that the component can be 16 nm-sized. Obviously, the smaller the element size, the more advanced the technology, the more difficult it is to make.
相比目前主流的10nm、14nm与16nm工艺，同等尺寸的集成电路（芯片）如果采用7nm工艺，芯片上电子元件数量会更多，因而性能也会更强，同时功耗与发热反而会降低。总的来说，7nm代表更强的性能与更低的功耗、发热。
Compared to the current mainstream processes of 10 nm, 14 nm and 16 nm, integrated circuits of the same size (chips) would have a greater number of electronic components on the chip if they were to be used in the 7nm process, and would have a lower performance and heat. Overall, 7 nm represents a stronger performance with lower power and heat.
目前，嘉楠耘智与比特大陆已经进入7nm ASIC矿机芯片时代，而截稿时Intel、AMD、NVIDIA等芯片巨头的主流产品，还停留在10nm-16nm之间，所以7nm仍然属于非常先进的工艺。
At present, Kanaji and Bit continent have entered the age of the 7nm ASIC chip, while at the time of the deadline, the dominant product of the chip giants, such as Intel, AMD, NVIDIA, remained between 10nm and 16nm, so that 7nm was still a very advanced process.
什么是ASIC矿机
What's an ASIC miner?
ASIC矿机是指使用ASIC芯片作为核心运算零件的矿机。ASIC芯片是一种专门为某种特定用途设计的芯片，必须说明的是它并不只用于挖矿，还有更广泛的应用领域。这种芯片的特点是简单而高效，例如比特币采用SHA-256算法，那么比特币ASIC矿机芯片就被设计为仅能计算SHA-256，所以就挖矿而言，ASIC矿机芯片的性能远超过当前顶级的电脑CPU。因为ASIC矿机在算力上有绝对的优势，所以电脑、显卡矿机开始逐渐被淘汰。
An ASIC miner is a miner that uses the ASIC chip as a core computing component. An ASIC chip is a chip that is designed specifically for a specific use, which must be explained is not only for mining, but also for a wider range of applications. This chip is characterized by simplicity and efficiency, such as the use of the SHA-256 algorithm in Bitcoin, so that the Bitcoin ASIC chip is designed to calculate only SHA-256, so, in the case of mining, the ASI chip is much more capable than the current top computer CPU. Computers and card machines are gradually being phased out because of the absolute power of the ASIC miner.
ASIC矿机中的AsicBoost是什么技术
What technology is AsicBoost in the ASIC machine ?
ASICBoost是一种已经获得专利的技术，由前CoinTerra的CTO Tim Hanke和Rootstock首席科学家Sergio Damián Lerner开发出的。这种技术利用了Blockstream公司CTO兼Bitcoin Core贡献开发者Greg Maxwell所述的一个比特币PoW系统“漏洞”，ASICBOOST发明人将此称为“一种处理工作项目的巧妙新方法”。通过实施ASICBoost，专业的ASIC挖矿芯片能够提升高达30%的挖矿效率。
ASICBoost is a patented technology, launched by CTO Tim Hanke, former CoinTerra, and Sergio Damián Lerner, chief scientist at Rootstock. This technology draws on a Bitcoin PoW system described by Greg Maxwell, a CTO and Bitcoin Core contributor from Blockstream, which the inventors of ASICBOST refer to as “a smart new way to deal with work projects.” Through the implementation of ASICBoost, professional ASIC mining chips can increase mining efficiency by up to 30%.
Maxwell认为，虽然ASICBoost技术可以为矿机厂商带来巨大利润，但是这种技术会对整个比特币挖矿生态系统造成不利影响。
Maxwell argued that while the ASICBoost technology could generate significant profits for miners, it could have a negative impact on the entire Bitcoin mining ecosystem.
“通过抢夺其他矿工的挖矿收益率，这可能会产生一种惊人的中心化影响。秘密使用这种优化所获得的收入可能会被滥用于扭曲比特币生态系统，以此来保持优势。”
“This may have an alarming centralization effect by seizing the mining returns of other miners. Revenue derived from the clandestine use of this optimization may be misused to distort the Bitcoin ecosystem in order to preserve its advantages.”
此前，激活隔离见证（Segwit）被视为阻ASICBoost的一个方法。后来比特币升级假如Segwit支持后，也的确没有在传出ASICBOOST被使用的消息。
Previously, the activation of Segwit was seen as a way to block ASICBoost. It was true that Bitcoin was not sending any information about the use of ASICBOST after Segwit supported it.
直到2018年9月传出蚂蚁矿池（AntPool）在其采矿业务中激活了ASICBoost的消息。如果是真的，则说明Segwit并无法有效阻止ASICBoost发挥作用。
Until September 2018, an antpool activated ASICBoost in its mining operations. If it is true, it means that Segwit cannot effectively prevent ASICBoost from working.
什么是GPU矿机
What's a strong?
GPU矿机，简单的解释就是通过显卡（GPU）挖矿的数字货币挖矿机。在比特币之后，陆续出现了一些其他数字资产，比如以太坊、达世币、莱特币等等，其中一些币所用的算法与比特币并不相同，为了达到更高的挖矿效率，矿工们做了不同的测试，最后发现SHA256算法的数字货币使用ASIC挖矿效率最高。而Scrypt 等其他算法的数字货币用GPU显卡挖矿效率最高，于是催生出了专门的GPU矿机。
The GPU miner, a simple explanation, is a digital money miner that digs through a card (GPU). After Bitcoin, there are a number of other digital assets that emerge, such as the same algorithms as Bitcoin, Dalcoin, Leitco, etc., some of which are used differently than bitcoins, and which are tested differently to achieve higher mining efficiency, the miners finally find that the digital currency of the SHA256 algorithm is the most efficient in mining with ASIC.
GPU矿机说白了就是一台加强了显卡配置的家用电脑，这些电脑通常会安装4块或更多的数量的中高端显卡。挖矿显卡一般就是普通民用游戏显卡，所以如果配个好点的CPU，用GPU矿机来打游戏，恐怕性能可以秒杀不少顶级的为游戏而生的电脑。
The GPU miner says that it is a home computer that enhances the configuration of the cards, which usually installs four pieces or more of medium-to-high-end cards. The digging of the cards is usually an ordinary civil game card, so if you have a good CPU, you can use the GPU miner to play the game, I'm afraid you can kill a lot of top-level computers for the game in seconds.
为了满足挖矿需要，一些主板厂商专门推出了挖矿主板，带有4条或更多PCI-E显卡插槽。但这在GPU矿机中只能算是入门水平，专业矿工往往会选择显卡更多的定制型GPU矿机。
In order to meet mining needs, a number of main-boarders have introduced special mining masters with four or more PCI-E card slots. But this is only an entry level in the GPU miner, and professional miners tend to choose more custom-made GPU miners.
理论上GPU矿机与ASIC矿机谁优谁劣，如何抉择都是不同币种挖矿利益最大化的选择。另外一些开发团队为了防止算力集中问题，会调整算法，甚至会改变共识机制，有可能会让原来是ASIC矿机挖矿的币种，变为显卡矿机挖矿币种。
In theory, the choice between a GPU miner and an ASIC miner is one of maximizing the benefits of mining in different currencies. Other development teams, in order to prevent arithmetic concentration, will adjust the algorithms and even change the consensus mechanism.
ipfs矿机是什么
What's a strong-ipfs miner?
ipfs类似于http，是一种文件传输协议。ipfs要想运行，需要网络中有许许多多的计算机（存储设备）作为节点，广义的说所有参与的计算机，都可以称作ipfs矿机。
Ipfs are similar to http, a file transfer protocol. To run, Ipfs need a lot of computers (storage devices) in the network as nodes, broadly speaking all participating computers that can be called Ipfs miners.
而ipfs网络为了吸引更多的用户加入成为节点，为网络做贡献，设计了一种名叫filecoin的加密货币，根据贡献存储空间与带宽的多少，派发给参与者（节点）作为奖励。狭义的说，专门以获取filecoin奖励为目的而设计的计算机，称为ipfs矿机。
In order to attract more users to become nodes and contribute to the network, the Iipfs network has designed an encrypted currency called filecoin, which is given as an incentive to participants (nodes) depending on the size of the storage space and bandwidth of the contribution. In narrow terms, computers specifically designed to obtain the filecoin reward are called ipfs miners.
由于ipfs网络需要的是存储空间以及网络带宽，所以为了获得最高的收益比，ipfs矿机通常会强化存储空间、降低整机功耗等方面。比如装备10块以上大容量硬盘，配备千兆或更高速度的网卡，CPU够用就好，使用超低功耗的intel apollo lake架构处理器等等。
Because the ipfs network needs storage space and network bandwidth, in order to maximize returns, the ipfs mine usually enhances storage space and reduces overall power consumption. For example, they are equipped with hard disks of 10 or more large capacity, equipped with web cards at a speed of several gigabytes or more, the CPU is good enough to use intel apollo lake processor, and so on.
ipfs矿机也可以细分为家用级与工业级，家用级ipfs矿机相对便宜，价格通常几千块，体积最小可以做到手掌大小，通常只配备1至2块硬盘，或者预留几个硬盘仓位，用户可以根据需要添加，功耗通常是超极本的水平，非常省电。而工业级ipfs矿机主要是面向大规模组建矿场的用户，他们通常可以安装10块以上大容量硬盘，挖矿收益更高，但价格也相对昂贵。
Ipfs miners can also be broken down into domestic and industrial classes, where they are relatively cheap, usually thousands of pieces, the size of which is minimally hand-sized, usually with one or two hard disks, or set aside a few hard disks, which users can add depending on need, usually at ultra-polar levels, which are very cost-effective. While industrial Ipfs miners are mainly aimed at users who organize large-scale mines, they can usually install more than 10 large-capacity hard disks, with higher yields from mining, but also at relatively high prices.
什么是FPGA矿机
What's a FPGA miner?
FPGA矿机，既使用FPGA芯片作为算力核心的矿机。FPGA矿机是早期矿机之一，首次出现在2011年末，在当时一度被看好，但活跃期并不长，后逐渐被ASIC矿机与GPU矿机取代。
The FPGA miner, which uses the FPGA chip as the core of the algorithm. The FPGA miner was one of the early miners and first appeared in late 2011, when it was seen, but not for long, and was gradually replaced by the ASIC miner and the GPU miner.
要认清FPGA矿机，就得先解释一下FPGA是什么。FPGA（Field-Programmable Gate Array），中文名叫现场可编程门阵列。比较通俗的理解是，FPGA就是把一大堆逻辑器件（比如与门、非门、或门、选择器）封装在一个盒子里，盒子里的逻辑元件如何连接，全部由使用者（编写程序）来决定。
If you want to know what the FPGA mine is, you have to explain what the FPGA is. The FPGA is called the Field Programming Gate Array. It is more commonly understood that the FPGA is a box of logical devices (e.g. with doors, non-doors, or doors, or selections), and how the logical elements in the box are connected, all by the user (preparation process).
如果FPGA里面写的是挖矿程序，那么造出来的就是FPGA矿机，而且由于FPGA灵活度高，所以不只是可以支持比特币的SHA256算法，也可以支持GPU矿机擅长的Scrypt算法。
If FPGA is written as an excavator, then it is the FPGA miner that is made, and because of the flexibility of the FPGA, it is possible to support not only the SA256 algorithm in Bitcoin, but also the Scrypt algorithm that the GPU miner is good at.
FPGA矿机活跃的时期，相比同时代的CPU、GPU矿机，FPGA虽然算力性能不占优，但功耗要低很多，综合功耗比很高。
During the period when the FPGA mine was active, FPGA was significantly lower and higher in combination than the simultaneous CPU and GPU miners, although it did not perform very well in terms of arithmetic performance.
但是，随着ASIC矿机的出现，FPGA矿机逐渐淡出人们的视线。因为ASIC是为专一功能打造，算力与功耗相较FPGA更具优势，而且开发难度要比FPGA低很多，所以现在基本已经看不到FPGA矿机，取而代之的是ASIC矿机与GPU矿机。
However, with the emergence of the ASIC mine machine, the FPGA mine has gradually faded out of view. Because the ASB is designed for a single function, with a higher degree of arithmetic and power consumption than the FPGA, and because development is much less difficult than the FPGA, the FPGA mine is virtually non-existent and replaced by the ASB miner and the GPU miner.
什么是云矿机与矿机托管
What's a cloud ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore ore?
云挖矿（Cloud miner ），或者称之为云矿机，是近几年新兴的挖矿方式，是一种远程挖矿方法。
Cloud mine, or cloud miner, is an emerging method of mining in recent years and a long-range method of mining.
自己购买矿机、布置厂房、支付巨额电费不仅资金投入巨大，也伴随着很高的风险。因为有需求，所以有企业提供了云挖矿服务。
Buying mine machines, setting up plants and paying huge electricity bills are not only huge investments but also high risks. There are companies that provide cloud mining services because of demand.
云挖矿是相对于本地挖矿而言的，可以类比云存储与本地存储之间的关系。简单的说就是把本地转移到了远程线上，可以算是一种分享经济模式。云挖矿服务提供商，提供矿机、网络、运行维护等服务，而用户则只需要支付一定的租用、托管服务费用，决定挖什么数字货币的矿，然后等着收钱就可以了。至于买机器、维护等繁琐的过程则完全不用操心，而且投资额度可以不用那么庞大。
Cloud mining is a relationship between local mining, which can be compared to local storage. The simple answer is to move the local to a remote line, which can be considered a shared economic model.
与云挖矿相似的还有矿机托管服务，即矿工自己花钱购买矿机，矿机的安装、调试、挖矿、维护全部交给服务商，但需要支付一定的服务费。它与前面介绍的云挖矿的不同主要是矿机是属于矿工自己，还是属于服务提供商。
Similar to cloud mining, there is also a mine-hosting service in which miners buy mine machines themselves, install them, test them, dig them, and maintain them all to service providers, but at a certain cost. It differs from the cloud-mining services described earlier, mainly because they belong to the miners themselves or to the service providers.
全球主要的矿机厂商都有谁
Who's the main miner in the world?
ASIC矿机方面，目前全球前3大矿机厂商分别是：比特大陆（蚂蚁矿机）、嘉楠耘智（阿瓦隆矿机）、亿邦国际（翼比特矿机），它们都来自中国。此外，新兴的神马矿机、芯动矿机，也具有较强的实力，大有后来居上的石头。而国外主要矿机品牌主要为BitFury等。
With regard to ASIC machines, the world’s three largest miners are currently: Bit Continent (ant mine), Janan Ji (Avalom mine), and Billion Bong International (a wing-by-bit miner), all of which come from China. In addition, the emerging Orchid miner, a core miner, is also powerful, with a large number of later-staying stones.
GPU矿机实质上可以看成是家用电脑的定制版，任何人都可以购买零件进行拼装，门槛很低。因此GPU显卡品牌非常多，像蚂蚁矿机等大厂，也曾推出过GPU矿机产品。
The GPU miner can in essence be seen as a customized version of a home computer, and anyone can buy parts for assembly at a very low threshold. Thus, the GPU card brands are numerous, large plants such as ant miners have been launched, and the GPU miner product has been introduced.
算力越高挖币就越多吗
The more money you get, the more money you dig?
和手机、电脑一样，矿机的算力也是不断升级的。那么，既然算力越来越高，挖到的币是不是也随之增多呢？
Like mobile phones, computers, the miner's arithmetic is increasing. So, now that it's getting more and more, is there an increase in the amount of money that is being dug up?
这个问题要看从哪个角度考虑。如果在特定的一段时间内，那么肯定是算力越高挖到的币会越多。以比特币为例，算力越高就有越高的几率算出来哈希值获得记录区块的权利，从而获取比特币奖励。所以增加矿机数量与性能，显然可以挖到更多的比特币。
The question depends on what the point of view is. If, for a given period of time, the higher the value, the higher the value, for example, the higher the probability that the Hashi will get the right to record the blocks. So, by increasing the number and performance of the machines, it is clear that more bitcoins can be dug up.
但是从长远看，随着时间的推移，即便算力越来越高，挖到币的数量也是不断减少的。一方面大多数加密货币都设有奖励递减机制，例如比特币每4年奖励会减半，2010年挖到一个区块的奖励是50个比特币，而2017年一个区块的奖励只有12.5个比特币。另一方面，矿工的数量越来越多，即便你的算力相比以前增加了10倍，但全网算力增速更快，你的算力在全网中所占的比例可能是减少的。
In the long run, however, the amount of money dug down has been decreasing over time, even with increasing computing power. On the one hand, most of the encrypted currencies have incentives that halve the amount of bitcoins every four years, with 50 bitcoins per block in 2010, and 12.5 bitcoins per block in 2017.
这里还存在一个问题，如果要计算的加密题难度保持不变，比如一直是1+1=2难度，那么随着算力的增高，总有一天高算力矿机与低算力矿机都可以很轻松算出来，那时算力强弱的影响会变得很小。为了解决这个问题，基本上所有加密货币都有难度调整机制，例如比特币每2周会调整一次难度，比特币现金升级换成了DAA难度调整机制。它们会根据全网算力的强弱，调节计算的难度，保证无论以后算力高到多么可怕的数字，矿工都需差不多的时间才能算出答案。也就是说，即便你的算力比以前高出了很多，也不会挖到更多的币，因为你要计算的题的难度，是同倍率增加的。
There is also the problem that, if the difficulty of calculating encryption is to remain constant, for example, 1+1 = 2, then one day, with the increase in computing power, the impact of high-calculation and low-calculus machines will be easy to calculate, and the impact will be minimal. In order to solve this problem, virtually all encrypted currencies have difficulty adjustment mechanisms, such as bitcoins adjust every two weeks, bitcoins raise cash to DAA difficulty adjustment mechanisms.
当然，虽然随着时间的推移，挖到币的数量越来越少，但要知道币价是不断升高的，所以总的来说收益是提高的。就说比特币，你是愿意在2010挖到50个总价值不到1元钱的比特币，还是愿意现在挖到1个价值7万元的比特币？
Of course, while the amount of money dug up has become less and less over time, knowing that the value of the currency is rising, so the overall gain has been higher. So, Bitcoin, you're willing to dig 50 bitcoins worth less than a dollar in 2010, or you're willing to dig a $70,000 bitcoin now?
挖矿难度指得是什么
What's the difficulty of digging?
之前，我们曾经科普过比特币挖矿，简单的说挖矿就是很多人争相求解一个数学题的结果，以此来竞争记录下一个区块的权限，并获取奖励的过程。谁的矿机（电脑）算力（性能）高，谁最先计算出结果获取奖励的几率就越大。但是，比特币诞生至今，矿机（电脑）的算力不知道提高了多少万倍，但挖矿获得币的数量却没有增多，除去加密货币每4年（或者其他时长）奖励减半规则外，另外一个因素就是挖矿难度起到的作用。
Before, we used to dig bitcoin, simply saying that mining is the result of many competing to solve a mathematical problem, to compete for the right to record the next block and to get a reward. The more likely it is that the first person who calculates the result will be rewarded, the better. But, since Bitcoin was born, it is not known how much more than 10,000 times, but the amount of money that the mine has won has not increased, another factor being the difficulty of digging apart from the rule of halving the amount of incentives every four years (or more) every four years to encrypt currency.
挖矿难度，是指每次求解数学结果的难度大小。由于矿工的数量越来越多，为了保证竞争的合理性，就需要对数学求解难度的大小进行调节。矿工人数多了，难度就会依据某种规则动态加大。但是，如果矿工都一窝蜂的挖某种数字货币，那么求解难度就会非常高。而矿工持有的矿机的算力大小却是固定的，如意要想获得同样数量的奖励，就要比平时挖矿艰难，这就是所谓的挖矿难度变大。
The difficulty of mining is the difficulty of finding mathematical results at a time when there is an increasing number of miners. In order to ensure the legitimacy of the competition, it is necessary to adjust the size of the difficulty of mathematics. The difficulty of mining workers is much greater by some rule. But, if miners dig up a number of digital currencies with a bee, the difficulty of doing so is very high.
一般而言，为了保证挖矿收益，矿工会格外关注加密货币的挖矿难度。如果某种币的挖矿难度大了，就会转而去挖难度相对较低的加密货币。所以挖矿难度对于矿工而言，是一个非常重要的参数。
In general, in order to guarantee the benefits of mining, mining unions pay particular attention to the difficulty of mining encrypted money. If a currency is difficult to dig, it turns to less difficult encrypting currency.
什么是全网算力
what's a web-wide arithmetic
在一些加密货币发展状况与矿机的新闻中，我们经常能看到“全网算力”这个词语，它似乎是一个重要的参数指标，但具体指的是什么，怎么查询全网算力，下面小编就来做个科普。
In some of the news about the state of encrypt currency development and mining machines, we often see the term “net-wide computing”, which seems to be an important parameter indicator, but what is specifically meant, how to access the full web-based computing, and what is next is a small editor to do.
全网算力可以按字面理解，既网络中所有参与挖矿的矿机算力总和。举个简单的例子，网络中共有1亿台矿机，每台矿机的算力是10T，那么全网算力就是10亿T，换算一下单位就是100E算力。这里需要注意一下单位，完整的写法后面还应该加hash/s，前面举例的数值应该是100Ehash/s，表示每秒可完成100E次hash（哈希值）计算。另外也说一下字母M、G、T、P、E的含义，其中1M就是常说的100万，相邻字母之间是1000倍的关系，也就是1E=1000P=1000000T=1000000000G=1000000000000M。
The full net is literally understood as the sum of all the mining machines involved in mining in the network. To give a simple example, there are 100 million mining machines in the network, each of which is 10 T, so the full network is 1 billion T, and the unit is 100 E. Here it is necessary to note the unit, and the full writing should be followed by hash/s, which should be 100 Ehash/s, indicating that 100 E-hash (Hash) times per second. And to add the meaning of the letters M, G, T, P and E, of which 1M is what is commonly said to be 1 million, which is a 1,000-fold relationship between the next letter, i.e. 1E=100000000T=100000G=100000000M.
最近6个月比特币全网算力的统计图表某种加密货币的全网算力大小，可以反映出该加密货币挖矿的活跃度，数值越大、增长速度越快，说明矿工都看好这种加密货币，它的前景一般也会很好。此外，我们也可以根据全网算力去判断一些消息的真伪，比如今年年初比特币价格大跌，有一种说法称挖矿赔钱，矿工都不去挖矿，矿机也卖不出去了，但通查询可知那段时间全网算力的数值一直是快速增长的，很显然有更多的矿工与矿机投入，而非没人去挖矿，数据是不会说谎的。
In addition, we can judge the authenticity of information based on the full net power of an encrypted currency, which reflects the activity of the encrypt currency, the higher and faster the rate of development, which means that the miners are well aware of the encrypt currency. Moreover, we can judge the authenticity of information based on full web capacity, such as the fall in Bitcoin prices at the beginning of this year, the claim that the diggers are not going to pay for the mine, the miners are not going to dig for money, and the miners are not going to sell, but the query knows that the value of the full web capacity at that time has been growing rapidly, and it is clear that there are more miners and miners, rather than anyone, who digs the mine, and that data is not a lie.
比特币浏览器中的全网算力显示如何查询某种加密货币的全网算力数值？一般该加密货币的矿池、浏览器中都提供全网算力数值，比如要查询比特币的全网算力，可以去比特币浏览器blockchain.info网站查看，注意全网算力的英文名字叫“HASH RATE”。另外，也有一些加密货币统计的网站，比如bitinfocharts.com也提供全网算力的数值查询。
How to search for a full web value of an encrypted currency? There are generally Web-wide values in the deposits, browsers, etc. of that encrypted currency, such as the Bitcoin full web count, which can be viewed on the Bitcoin browser 'blockchain.info', and the full Web-based algorithm's English name is “HASH RATE. There are also a number of encrypted currency statistics websites, such as bitinfocharts.com, which also provide full Web-based numeric queries.
如何查询全网算力、挖矿难度、全网未确认交易笔数、矿工费等常用信息？
How does access commonly used information such as full-network computing, difficulty in mining, undetermined number of transactions, miner fees, etc.?
答：可以在相应的加密货币浏览器中查询。关于浏览器的进入方法，一般可以搜索相应的“
Answer: You can search in the corresponding encrypted currency browser.
币种名词+浏览器”找到，比如查询以太坊可以搜索“以太坊浏览器”。需要注意的是有些浏览器只有英文页面，其中一些英文名词的直译有所差别，比如全网算力对应的英文是Hashrate。
The currency noun + browser is found, for example, that the Query Etheria can search for the " Etheria Browser ". It is important to note that some browsers have only pages in English, some of which have different direct translations of the English nouns, such as Hashrate, the full Web-based algorithm.
什么因素决定挖矿收益的高低？
What are the factors that determine the profits from mining?
以比特币为例，影响因素主要是矿机价格、电费、算力大小、出块奖励的多少等等。不同的币种的具体情况有所不同，比如比特币、以太坊挖矿主要看算力高低。而IPFS矿机主要看硬盘容量大小和网速快慢。
In bitcoin, for example, the influence is mainly on the price of a mine, electricity, arithmetic, the amount of incentive to make a piece, and so on. The specifics of different currencies, such as bitcoin, are mostly low-calculation for mining in the tavern. The IPFS miner looks mainly at the size of the hard drive and the speed of the net.
什么是关机价格
What's a shut-down price?
一台矿机挖矿究竟是赚钱还是赔钱，影响的因素有很多，但我们总希望能有一个直观的数字可以判断大体的挖矿盈亏。因此，有人设计出了“关机价格”。
There are a number of factors that affect whether a mine is profitable or not, but we always hope that there is a visual figure that will judge the overall profit or loss from mining. So, someone has designed a “offline price”.
关机价格，指的是矿工用矿机挖矿获得的收益还不足以支付挖矿消耗的电费时的币价，也可以理解为挖出某一种币的挖矿成本价。如果币价跌破“关机价格”，那么挖矿自然就是会亏损的。
Shut-down prices, which means that the miner's mining machine does not earn enough money to pay for the electricity he consumes, can also be understood as the cost of digging for the purpose of digging out a currency. If the price falls off the “closed-up” price, mining will certainly be lost.
上图为2018年11月19日f2pool发布的一张关机币价图表，图中数据是按0.4元一度电的条件计算的，一台蚂蚁矿机S9挖到一枚比特币的成本是26748元。而当时比特币的价格已经跌破34000元。如果继续下跌到26748元，那么挖矿就是赔钱的，需要关机止损。一些老型号矿机由于能耗比很低，比如蚂蚁矿机S7挖到1枚比特币的成本将近7万元，此时开机挖矿必然亏损严重。
The above figure is a closing currency chart published by f2pool on November 19, 2018. The figure is based on 0.4 primary electricity, and the cost of digging an ant miner S9 to a bitcoin is $26748. At that time, the price of bitcoin had fallen by $34,000. If it continues to fall to $26,748, the digging of the mine would be for money and would need to be shut down.
需要注意的是，关机价格最初是f2pool矿池创始人七彩神仙鱼为了方便大家直观的了解当前挖矿的盈亏状况，计算出来的一组数据。关机价格考虑的因素主要有矿机成本、用电价格、挖矿难度，它只是根据市场状况估算出了一个粗略的数值，并不是说低于七彩神仙鱼给出的关机币价就一定亏损。因为不同矿工购买矿机的价格、用电费用、运维费用都不尽相同。
It is important to note that the closing price was initially a set of data calculated by the founder of the f2pool pond, the F2pool Quaifish, in order to provide a visual view of the current situation with regard to the profits and losses of the mining. The closing price was based on factors such as the cost of the mine, the price of electricity, the difficulty of digging, but it merely estimated a rough value based on market conditions, not to say that the closing price was lower than that given by the Seven Quakers.
熊市挖矿究竟赚钱还是赔钱？
Do you know if you're making money or losing money digging in Bear City?
这是一个没有明确答案的问题，收益高低是动态变化的，最终要受币价、矿机价格、用电费用、搭建费用、运维费用等多方面因素影响，有可能赚也可以亏。
This is a question for which there is no clear answer and where the returns are dynamic and ultimately subject to multiple factors such as currency prices, mine prices, electricity use, construction costs, and transportation costs, which may or may not be profitable.
以BTC为例，按照当前的挖矿难度，一台14TH/s算力的矿机1天24小时连续运行，大约可以挖到0.00051646个BTC，按照实价计算大约是24元人民币。接下来就是算成本，包括用电费用、买矿机的费用、运维费用等等。其中用电费用一般占大头，一台14T矿机的功耗大约是1300W，1天消耗大约31度电，按照北京市民用电0.488元/度计算，1天电费成本大约为15元。在加上其他的成本，1台矿机1天的收益可能只有5元左右。
In the case of BTC, according to the current difficulty of mining, a 14TH/s machine runs 24 hours a day, 24 hours a day, and can be dug up to approximately 0.005,1646 BTCs, approximately 24 yuan in real terms. Next is costing, including electricity costs, the cost of buying a miner, the cost of carrying a bear, and so on.
当然，现实中矿场的用电成本一般没有这么高，但究竟有多低则都有可能。同时其他成本同样没有统一的标准。所以有的矿场综合成本很高，有些就较低。造成了同样是熊市 挖矿，有些矿工的利润依然可观，有矿工却已经难以维持。
Of course, in reality, the cost of electricity in mines is not generally as high as that, but it is possible at all. There are no uniform criteria for other costs. So some of the complex costs are high, some are lower.
另外，还有一个层面。假设币价跌破了关机价格，有很多矿工关掉机器停止挖矿，由于全网算力下降，留下来坚持挖矿的矿工同样时间内会挖到更多的币，会弥补币价下跌造成的损失，达到一个新的盈亏平衡，可能由赔钱转为赚钱。
In addition, there is another dimension. Assuming that the price of the currency has fallen through the shut-down price, that many miners have turned off the machine and stopped digging, and that the miners who stayed behind to dig for the same time as the net, because of the decline in computing power, will dig up more, will make up for the loss of the price, achieve a new balance of gain and loss, and may shift from paying for money to making money.
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