区块链的底层技术是什么？

从根本上来讲，区块链是一种数据存储技术，只是这种技术与曾经的存储模式有非常大的区别。

Essentially, the block chain is a data storage technology, although it is very different from previous storage patterns.

在人类社会发展过程中，有很多种不同类型的信息存储方式。虽然随着社会的发展，我们越来越倾向于将信息存储与U盘、硬盘、云盘这类存储技术相关联，但是事实上，信息的存储从人类进入文明就开始了。

In the development of human society, there are many different types of information storage. While as societies develop, we tend to link information storage to storage technologies such as flash disks, hard disks, cloud disks, in fact, the storage of information begins with the entry of humans into civilization.

有据可查的人类记录行为是结绳记事。为了记录部落的打猎收获和分配情况，人类祖先采用给绳子打结的方式来记录。

A well-documented human record is a knot. In order to record the harvesting and distribution of the tribes, human ancestors use knots.

这些记录行为贯穿人类社会的始终。后来的U盘、硬盘、云盘这类有形的存储模式，只是信息的一种载体，它们从本质上讲，与人类社会最早期记事的绳子、画壁画的岩石和后来改变世界面貌的纸张是一样的。

These are recorded throughout human society. Subsequent tangible storage patterns such as flash disks, hard disks, clouds, etc., are merely a vector of information, which are essentially the same as the ropes of the earliest memories of human society, the rocks of mural drawings and the paper that later changed the face of the world.

在过去，人类记录水平的高低，很大程度上是由存储介质的能力决定的。比如我们采用纸张记录的时候，就很难记录数字化信息，直到磁盘介质开始进入存储领域的时候，人们才真正地获得数字信息存储和处理的能力。这也是大部分人对于信息存储的认识都会不自觉地向存储介质方面倾斜的原因。

In the past, the level of human records has been determined, to a large extent, by the ability to store media. For example, when we use paper records, it is difficult to record digitized information, and it is only when disk media begin to enter storage that people actually acquire the ability to store and process digital information.

但是区块链的出现则打破了以往的规则。区块链从本质上讲，并没有改变我们信息存储的介质。就信息存储的载体而言，区块链使用的依然是数字时代的存储介质。

But the formation of the block chain breaks the rules of the past. The block chain essentially does not change the medium in which our information is stored. In terms of the vehicle in which information is stored, the block chain still uses the storage medium in the digital age.

但我们依然把区块链技术看作是信息时代的一种技术革新，而这种革新，最主要是体现在信息存储模式上。区块链是由分布式数据存储、点对点传输、共识机制、加密算法，智能合约等计算机技术的新型应用模式。

But we still see block chain technology as a technological innovation in the information age, most notably in information storage patterns. Block chains are new applications of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, encryption algorithms, smart contracts, etc.

区块链的本质是用一种链式结构连接多个数据区块。是一串使用密码学方法相关联产生的数据块，每一个数据块中包含了前一批次信息，用于验证其信息的有效性(防伪)和生成下一个区块。

The essence of a block chain is to connect multiple data blocks with a chain structure. It is a series of data blocks that are linked by cryptography, each containing the previous batch of information that is used to verify the validity of its information (security) and to generate the next block.

数据区块本身可以理解为一种信息的集合。区块可能是几个数字，也可能是几个文字，这些数据区块是最重要的，因为它们可能代表不同的意义。比如，这几个数字可能是你的银行卡密码，那几个文字可能是某个重要岗位即将任命的人员名单。

The data blocks themselves can be understood as a collection of information. Blocks may be several numbers or words, which are most important because they may represent different meanings. For example, these numbers may be your bank card codes, and they may be a list of people to be appointed to an important post.

当然，如果这些信息区块失去了特定的作用环境，也就不存在意义了。而这些作用环境信息又被拆解为无数个不同的数据区块。就像银行卡的密码，如果不是与某个人的银行卡相联系，这些数字就没有意义了。而银行卡的账户信息又是一串数据区块，账户信息内的货币又是一堆的区块信息。

Of course, there is no point if these information blocks lose a specific role environment. These environmental information is broken down into countless different data blocks. Like the password of a bank card, these numbers are meaningless if they are not linked to a person’s bank card.

每一个区块信息单独拿出来可能都没有意义，但是如果用一种方式把这些数据区块组合起来，就有了意义。

It may not make sense for each block to be singled out, but it would make sense if these data blocks were combined in one way or another.

那么，这种把一个完整的信息切分成多个数据区块、并形成这样一种组合起来才存在意义的方式，就是链式的区块信息保存技术。

So this way of cutting a complete message into multiple data blocks and forming such a combination makes sense is the chain-based block information preservation technology.

这种信息保存方式本身并不新鲜，比如我们最熟悉的电脑硬盘，其实就是用这种块状的模式来存储信息的。

The way this information is stored is not new in itself, such as the hard disk of the computer that we know best, but it is in this massive pattern that information is stored.

区块链到底有什么不同呢?其本质是存储的模式不同。

What's the difference in the block chain? It's essentially a different storage pattern.

传统的信息存储方式是中心节点的方式。也就是说，关键的、核心的信息是存储在某一台电脑主机上的，信息的所有区块组合都放在一起，而把它们串起来的数据链条也存在于这台电脑中。一旦这台电脑被人窃取，所有的数据也就丢失了。

The traditional way in which information is stored is the central node. In other words, the key and core information is stored on a computer's mainframe, where all the information blocks are grouped together, and the data links that bind them are in the computer. Once the computer is stolen, all the data is lost.

而区块链用了一个不一样的逻辑来解决这个问题。区块链的底层其实是一个拥有数量巨大但有限个解的数学公式。例如，我们可以把区块链理解为这样一个公式：(X+Y)×3=123

And the block chain solves the problem with a different logic. The bottom of the block chain is actually a mathematical formula with a large but limited number of solutions. For example, we can interpret the block chain as a formula: (X+Y) x 3 = 123

为了让这个逻辑简单一点，我们假设X与Y都是正整数，那么我们知道，会有有限组的数字组合能够让这个公式成立。那么我们认为其中每一组X与Y的解，就是一组存储密码。

In order to make this logic simple, we assume that X and Y are positive integer numbers, so we know that there will be a limited group of numbers that will make this formula work. So we think that each of these groups of X and Y solves is a set of stored passwords.

这个数学公式拆分成几个数据区块，可能包括一个解答的区块123，一个计算规则的区块乘号，一个乘数3，以及有限个解。

This mathematical formula is divided into several data blocks, which may include a solved block 123, a calculated rule block multiplier number, a multiplier 3 and limited resolution.

这样，计算规则是不确定的，数据也是不确定的，将这些数据分散放到不同的电脑中，即所有的「X」「Y」「123」「3」分布在不同的电脑中。

In this way, the rules of calculation are uncertain and the data are uncertain, spreading the data to different computers, i.e. all "X" "Y" 123 "3" are distributed to different computers.

我们需要一个公共的计算共识，假设定义一个公共共识是「=」。如果我们将「X」作为我们想要储存的信息，那么对于「X」就可能有很多种不同的「Y」对应。如果我们不知道某个特定的Y，就无法知道对应的X。

We need a public consensus, assuming that a public consensus is defined as "=". If we use "X" as the information we want to store, then there may be many different "Y" responses for "X". If we do not know a particular Y, we cannot know the corresponding X.

而知道某个特定的Y的时候，掌握这个信息的人就能得到X。假如我们的X与Y接近无限个，那么没有得到Y的人永远无法知道X是什么，这种模式保证了数据X的安全。

And when you know a particular Y, someone who has this information gets X. If our X and Y are close to infinite, people who don't get X will never know what it is, and this pattern guarantees the security of data X.

这是一种相对好理解的方式，而真正的区块链中则是针对乘号来运算的。也就是我们将数字组合X和Y作为数据区块存储起来，但是运算规则是我们的解密条件，这种情况下，每一种运算模式就代表了一种数据含义。

This is a relatively well-understood way, and the real block chain is based on a multiplicity of numbers. That is, we store digital combinations of X and Y as data blocks, but the rules are our decryption conditions, in which case each mode of operation represents a data meaning.

这就让我们摆脱了集中式数据存储的风险，让我们能够随意地把数据区块存储在不同的位置上，而我们自己掌握运算规则。结合具体的应用模式，就可以获得各种各样的区块链应用场景。

This allows us to move away from the risk of centralized data storage, allowing us to store data blocks at random in different locations, and we have our own rules of operation. Together with specific applications, we can get a variety of block chain applications.

基于这样的结果，我们就得到了区块链匿名性、自治性、开放性、去中心化的特点。

On the basis of this outcome,

匿名性最好理解。因为我们看到信息区块的时候，只能看到信息，并不知道信息的储存者。同样，由于存储的分布性，当信息被提取的时候，别人也不知道信息被什么人提取。这保证了信息基本的匿名特征。

It's better to understand anonymity. When we see information blocks, we can only see information, and we don't know where it is stored. Similarly, because of the distribution of storage, when information is extracted, no one knows who it is. This guarantees the basic anonymity of the information.

自治性与匿名性一脉相承。由于信息的存储与提取都是绝对自由的，人们相互之间也就不存在管理关系，信息与人的关系简化为人与存储信息的机器的关系。人们不需要考虑各种限制条件或复杂的保密协议，只要把自己的秘钥输入机器，就可以得到结果。

Because information is stored and extracted in absolute freedom, there is no regulatory relationship between people, and information-to-people relations are reduced to people-to-man relationships. There is no need to consider limitations or complex confidentiality agreements, and one can get results if his key is entered into the machine.

开放性则是前面两个特点带来的应用结果。因为人们不用再担心数据的管理责任与安全的问题，因此也就不用再担心存储的客观性，只需要担心存储的正确性，因此就可以更加简单地存放信息。

Openness is the result of the application of the first two features. Because people no longer have to worry about the responsibility and security of data management, they no longer have to worry about the objectivity of storage, just about the accuracy of storage, so that information can be stored more simply.

去中心化是区块链的基础特征，所有的其他特性都是基于这个特点形成的，而这带来了极大的信息安全性。如果一个人想要篡改某个数据，就需要找到分布在所有存储介质中的可能相关的信息，同时再修改运算规则，而这几乎就是对全世界所有数据进行一次筛选，不可能完成。

Decentralization is the basic feature of the block chain, and all the other features are based on this feature, which creates a great deal of information security. If a person wants to tamper with a given data, he needs to find information that may be relevant in all storage media, and then revise the rules of operation, which is almost a screening of all data around the world, which is impossible to complete.

正是这样的技术特点，让区块链为我们的信息存储带来了新的模式。这也正是区块链可能带给各个行业的最有价值的应用。

It's this technical feature that allows block chains to bring new patterns to our information storage. This is the most valuable application that block chains can bring to industries.