根据正式定义，区块链是一种用于创建分布式数字账簿的数字机制。借助这种账簿，点对点网络中的两个以上参与者可以直接交换信息或资产，而不需要可靠的中介机构。区块链会验证参与者的身份、参与者是否持有要交换的资产，以及交易是否被允许。区块链会把交易信息记入数字账簿，网络中的每个参与者都会独立地保存和更新账簿的副本。账簿上的记录不可更改，带有时间戳，经过加密，并以区块的形式连接在一起。每个区块都是包含大约2000条交易记录的集群。随着参与者之间的持续交易，账簿也会不断扩大。
By official definition, the block chain is a digital mechanism used to create distributed digital books of accounts. With such books, two or more participants in the point-to-point network can exchange information or assets directly, without the need for reliable intermediaries. The block chain verifies the identity of the participants, whether the participants hold the assets to be exchanged, and whether the transaction is permitted. The block chain will record the transaction information in the digital books, and each participant in the network will independently keep and update a copy of the books of accounts. The records on the books are unalterable, time stamped, encrypted, and linked in block form. Each block is a cluster containing about 2,000 transaction records.
如果用通俗的说法解释，区块链的定义是什么呢?从理论上说，区块链可以帮助你与全球任何地方的未知合作伙伴做生意，并以任意规模来交易各类资产，同时不需要律师、银行、保险公司或其他中介机构的帮助，就可以确保双方均履行承诺。这样的解决方案使得从交易活动中分成的第三方不复存在，对企业来说则极大地扩展了可交易资产、交易对象和交易内容的范畴。
What is the definition of a block chain if interpreted in popular terms? In theory, a block chain can help you do business with unknown partners anywhere in the world and deal with assets on any scale, without the help of lawyers, banks, insurance companies, or other intermediaries.
区块链整合了现有的技术，形成了包含五大要素的创新体系结构(如图1-1)：
The block chain integrates existing technologies and forms an innovative architecture with five main elements (e.g. figure 1-1):
图1 -1 区块链的五大要素
区块链的参与者在现实世界中是相互独立的个体，但在区块链中则通过网络联系在一起。每个管理完整节点的参与者都需要维护账簿的完整副本，该副本会在有新交易发生时进行更新。更具体地说，节点是参与者拥有或使用的计算机，可以运行共识算法。所有参与者都可以查看账簿的全部内容，但无权更改，除非遵循预先制定的规则。
The participants in the block chain are independent individuals in the real world, but in the block chain they are connected through the network. Each participant in the complete management node is required to maintain a complete copy of the book, which is updated when new transactions occur. More specifically, the node is a computer owned or used by the participant and can run a consensus algorithm. All participants have access to all the contents of the book, but have no right to change unless the predefined rules are followed.
区块链采用公钥或私钥等技术，以安全、半匿名(参与者使用假名)的方式记录区块中的数据。参与者掌控着自己的个人身份和其他信息，在交易中只共享必要的信息。
Block chains use techniques such as public or private keys to record data in blocks in a secure, semi-anonymized way (participant uses a pseudonym). Participants control their personal identities and other information, and only share the necessary information in the transaction.
交易完成后的记录会经过加密签名，加盖时间戳，并按时间顺序添加至账簿。只有在参与者达成协议的情况下，交易记录才能被破坏或以其他方式更改，这样的协议被称作“分叉”(fork)。
The transaction record is encrypted, time stamped and added to the ledger in chronological order. The transaction record can be destroyed or otherwise modified only if the participants agree, which is referred to as the “fork” (fork).
区块链上的交易和其他交互均涉及价值的安全交换，这些价值以“通证”
Transactions and other interactions on the block chain involve a secure exchange of values that are “passported”
(token)的形式来呈现。通证让数字市场更高效，而创建通证(通证化)的目的有多个方面。通证可以用数字形式来表示实体资产，可以作为回报机制来激励网络参与者，也可以用于创造和交换新的价值形式。此外，通证还支持区块链上的个人和企业参与者掌控自己的数据。
Translator makes the digital market more efficient, and the purpose of creating a translator (passport) is multifaceted. Translator is a digital expression of physical assets, an incentive for network participants as a reward mechanism, and a new form of value creation and exchange. In addition, it supports individuals and business participants in the block chain to control their own data.
维护网络信息和网络运行规则的是分布式网络中的多台计算机，或者称为多个节点。在具体的实践中，去中心化意味着不存在单个实体控制所有计算机和信息，或单个实体制定规则。每个节点维护相同的加密副本，并保存网络中的记录。由所有完整节点运行的共识机制负责交易的验证和审批。这种去中心化的、共识驱动的系统架构意味着，由中央权威机构进行组织治理已不再是必需的，同时还可以防止欺诈和恶意交易。
In practice, decentralisation means that no single entity controls all computers and information, or that individual entities make rules. Each node maintains the same encrypted copy and keeps records in the network. Consensus mechanisms run by all full nodes are responsible for authentication and approval of transactions. This decentralized, consensus-driven system structure means that organizational governance by central authorities is no longer necessary, and also prevents fraud and malicious transactions.
区块链的五大要素结合在一起，就可以支持两个以上互不相识的参与者在数字环境中安全地交互。这五大要素缺一不可，如果缺少其中一个或几个要素，区块链的价值就会受限，甚至被破坏。
Together, the five elements of the block chain can support the safe interaction of more than two unfamiliar participants in a digital environment. Without one or more of these elements, the value of the block chain is limited or even destroyed.
对于这个问题，行业内存在截然不同的观点。在新技术发展的某个时期往往会出现机会主义的参与者，他们试图以模糊不清或有利于自身的方式来定义市场，用“数据库”一词来描述区块链就是这样一个例子。区块链不是数据库。尽管技术供应商有时会介绍说区块链就是一种数据库，但两者有几大关键区别。例如，与数据库不同，区块链不是通用的信息存储方式。此外，区块链是不可篡改的，数据库则支持信息的读取、写入、删除或更改。最重要的是，数据库虽然可以分发给多个参与方，但存在单一的中央管理员，而在区块链中，管理通过共识来实现。中心化的管理与区块链的理念是背道而驰的。
At a certain point in the development of new technologies, there are often opportunistic participants who try to define the market in a way that is vague or self-serving, as in the case of “databases” describing the chain of blocks. Block chains are not databases. While technology suppliers sometimes describe block chains as a database, there are several key differences between the two. For example, unlike databases, block chains are not a common way of storing information. Moreover, the chain of blocks is inexorable, and the database supports the reading, writing, deletion or alteration of information. Most importantly, while the database can be distributed to multiple participants, there is a single central administrator, and management in the chain of blocks is achieved by consensus.
在其他场合中，我们也看到过误导性宣传。例如，技术供应商会偷换区块链的概念，推销使用了区块链的某些技术或少数设计要素的成套产品或服务。某些科技公司正在开发所谓的“区块链”解决方案，并要求供应链合作伙伴使用，从而让合作伙伴更依赖它们的生态。
On other occasions, we have also seen misleading propaganda. For example, technology suppliers change the concept of block chains and market packages of products or services that use certain technologies or a few design elements of the block chain.
事实上，区块链还不成熟，组织还不知道如何利用区块链，如何发挥其价值。许多人只会利用他们能理解并知道如何管理的要素来开展实践。因此，就目前正在开发的大部分所谓的区块链解决方案(我们在本章开头已经列出了一些)来说，它们仅仅使用了区块链五大要素中的一部分。开发者甚至可能不需要区块链就可以实现同样的目的。根据我们的研究，在85%的此类项目中，传统的数据架构可以做得与区块链一样好，甚至更好。
In fact, the blocks chain is not yet mature, and the organization does not know how to use it and how to value it. Many people can only use the elements that they understand and know how to manage in practice. So, for most of the so-called block chain solutions that are currently being developed (which we have already listed at the beginning of this chapter), they use only part of the five elements of the block chain.
注册有任何问题请添加 微信：MVIP619 拉你进入群
打开微信扫一扫
添加客服
进入交流群
发表评论