文/姚国章南京邮电大学数字经济研究所，南京邮电大学学报
Institute of Digital Economics, Nanjing Post and Telecommunications University, Yao Kuo, Journal of Nanjing Post and Telecommunications University
众所周知，能源是人类社会赖以生存和发展繁衍的基本物质基础，人类历史上每一次划时代的巨大进步都离不开能源的升级和更替。新中国成立以来，尤其是改革开放４０多年来经济与社会的快速发展，我国已当之无愧地成为世界上最大的能源生产和消费国，当前已形成了煤炭、电力、石油、天然气、新能源和可再生能源协调发展的多元化能源供给体系。与此同时，能源对中国经济社会发展的制约瓶颈也正日益显现，在疫情仍在全球肆虐蔓延、人员流动和跨境商贸活动全面受阻、世界经济深度衰退的今天，如何确保能源安全已成为关系到国家经济社会发展的全局性、战略性和迫切性问题，对提升综合国力、促进经济繁荣、改善人民生活和确保社会长治久安起着决定性的作用。
It is well known that energy is the basic material base on which human society depends for its survival and development, and that every landmark and great progress in human history cannot be achieved without the upgrading and replacement of energy. Since the establishment of the new China, and especially the rapid economic and social development of more than 40 years of reform and opening up, our country has rightly become the world’s largest energy producer and producer, and now has a diversified energy supply system for coal, electricity, oil, natural gas, and new and renewable sources of energy coordinated development.
利用数字技术推动能源技术革命，切实解决能源发展中存在的各种复杂问题，是我国能源业所普遍面临的重大任务。区块链技术作为当前数字技术的耀眼明珠，因其具有分布式数据存储、点对点传输、共识机制和加密算法等独特功能，为能源业的技术进步和转型升级提供了新的契机。
The use of digital technology to drive the energy technology revolution and to effectively address the complex problems of energy development is a major task that our energy industry generally faces. Block-chain technology, as a glamour of current digital technology, offers new opportunities for technological advancement and upgrading of the energy industry through its unique functions of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms and encryption algorithms.
目前国际上能源区块链发展正受到越来越多的关注，也已形成了不少成功的案例，国内相关的研究和应用也已开启。中共中央政治局于２０１９年１０月２４日就区块链技术发展现状和趋势召开的第十八次集体学习，在确立了区块链技术在我国的重要地位的同时还明确了“探索区块链在能源电力等领域的推广应用”的发展方向。本文旨在通过对国际能源区块链发展进程的研究，能为我国能源区块链的健康、有序和快速的发展提出切实可行的建议。
The 18th collective study by the Central Political Office of the Communist Party of China on the current state of and trends in block-chain technology, held on 24 October 2019, has set the stage for the development of “exploring the extension of block-chain applications in areas such as energy and electricity” at the same time as establishing the importance of block-chain technology in the country. The aim of this study is to make practical recommendations for the healthy, orderly and rapid development of the energy sector chain in the country.
１ 区块链在能源中的应用价值
能源业具有产业链条长、参与方众多、运转过程复杂、交易结算环节多等特点，与具有去中心化（分布式）数据存储、可信可追溯性、不可篡改与具有智能合约功能的区块链有高度的业务重合性，两者有彼此融合的需求。
The energy industry is characterized by a long industrial chain, a large number of participants, a complex operating process and a multiplicity of transactional settlements, as well as a high degree of business overlap with a chain of blocks with decentralized (distributed) data storage, credible traceability, non-frozen and intelligent contract functions, both of which require integration.
１．１ 区块链的技术特点
一般认为，区块链（Ｂｌｏｃｋｃｈａｉｎ）是指由参与其中的成员通过去中心化和去信任的方式共同维护一个特定数据库的技术方案，让参与系统中的任意多个用户节点把特定时间内用户交互传输所积累的数据，通过特定的算法计算并记录到一个数据块（Ｂｌｏｃｋ），每一个数据块分别记录前一区块的哈希值（ＨＡＳＨ）、本区块的时间戳、一个随机数和本区块的哈希值树（ＨＡＳＨＴＲＥＥ），前一个区块的哈希值用于将本区块与前一区块构建彼此对应的映射关系，形成环环相扣的链，即为区块链。
It is generally understood that block chains (Blockchain) are technical programmes in which participating members jointly maintain a particular database through decentralisation and detrust, allowing multiple user nodes involved in the system to interactively transmit data accumulated by users over a specified period of time, calculate and record a data block (Block) through a specific algorithm, each recording the Hashi (HASH) value of the previous block, the time stamp of this block, a random number and the HashTREE tree of this block, which uses the Hashi value of the former block to create a reciprocal map relationship between this block and the previous block, forming a chain of interlocking links, i.e. a chain of blocks.
区块链是通过计算机程序形成的开放式账本，用以独立记录在区块链上发生的所有交易数据，能在无须第三方干预的情况下，实现节点与节点之间、点对点式的互动交易。作为一项伴随比特币出现的新技术，当前正在各行各业中开展应用实践。
The block chain is an open book developed through a computer program that independently records all transactions that occur on the block chain and allows for interactive nodes-nodes, point-to-point transactions without third-party intervention. As a new technology accompanying Bitcoin, application practices are being implemented in various industries.
１．２ 区块链在能源中的应用价值
1.2 Value of block chain applications in energy
区块链在能源行业中的应用，将为能源业的发展创造多方面的价值。
The application of block chains in the energy sector will create multiple values for the development of the energy sector.
一是形成安全可靠的共享账本。由于区块链技术是以记账的方式永久记录参与者的所有交易行为，打破了过去不同能源参与机构独立记账的模式，避免了确认交易纪录的重重限制，参与者可以从共享的账本系统上看到被授权查看的交易纪录，确保交易记录的透明、公开和真实。
One is the creation of a secure and reliable shared book of accounts. Because block chain technology permanently records all transactions of participants in bookkeeping, it breaks the pattern of independent bookkeeping by different energy-participating institutions in the past, avoiding restrictions on confirming transaction records, participants can see authorized transaction records from the shared ledger system, ensuring that transaction records are transparent, open and true.
二是智能合约的应用实现作业的自动化。能源交易参与者可以将合约里的交易方式等商业条款以编码的方式写入以区块链为核心的交易服务中，因此，系统会按照双方同意且授权的合约内容自动进行相关交易，无论是能源服务方还是能源消费者都不用担心交易作业机制会因为人为因素随意发生变更。
The second is the automation of operations with the application of smart contracts. Energy traders can encode the commercial terms of the contracts, such as the mode of dealing in the contracts, into the chain-based trading services, so that the system will automatically conduct the transactions in accordance with the agreed and authorized terms of the contracts, and neither energy service providers nor energy consumers will worry that the trading operations mechanism will be subject to random changes due to human factors.
三是有效保护交易者的隐私。虽然区块链技术会自动记录交易参与者的所有交易数据，但交易参与者并不需要将个人数据与交易信息捆绑在一起，同时可以指定哪些交易信息可以被授权查看，既能切实有效地保护交易者的隐私，又能满足各类业务对数据的应用需求。
Third, it is effective to protect the privacy of traders. While block chain technology automatically records all transaction data of participants, participants do not need to bind personal data to transaction information, and can specify which transaction information can be authorized to view, both effectively protecting the privacy of traders and meeting the data application needs of various types of operations.
四是助力形成交易共识。无论参与者是以匿名或者是公开的身份加入区块链网络，只要某个参与者发起一项交易请求，所有参与者都会在第一时间收到交易信息，并且通过区块链技术的共识算法得以确认，避免人为干预。
Fourth, it helps build consensus on transactions. Whether a participant joins the block chain network in an anonymous or public capacity, whenever a participant initiates a transaction request, all participants receive transaction information at the outset and are identified through consensus algorithms of block chain technology to avoid human intervention.
五是消除能源流程中存在的痛点。目前能源各业务流程中普遍存在的效率瓶颈、交易时延和操作风险等痛点，很大程度上可以通过区块链技术的应用得到解决。例如现有流程中大量存在的手工操作、人工验证和审批工作都可通过区块链实现自动化处理，纸质合同可以被智能合约所取代，交易处理环节不再会由于系统失误而导致损失发生。
The fifth is to eliminate the pain in the energy process. The current prevalence of efficiency bottlenecks, delays in transactions and operational risks in energy business processes can be addressed to a large extent through the application of block chain technology. For example, a large number of manual processes, manual validations and approvals in existing processes can be automated through block chains, paper contracts can be replaced by smart contracts, and transaction processing processes can no longer be lost as a result of system failures.
区块链在能源中的应用所产生的价值将会随着应用的不断深入而得到逐步深化，不同的业务应用环节和不同的发展阶段，所产生的应用价值也会有所不同，需要在实际发展中进行持续的探索。
The value derived from the use of block chains in energy will deepen as applications deepen, and the value of applications will vary from one business to another and from one stage to another, and will require continuous exploration in real development.
“能源情报能源数字化”微信社群将组建，业内人士私信告知详细信息：名字+公司+职务，并附上名片，核实后合适邀请。
, “Digitalization of Energy Energy in Energy” will be formed, and private individuals in the industry will provide detailed information: name + company + position, accompanied by a business card, which will verify the appropriate invitation.
２ 国际能源区块链主要应用场景
2 The main application of the international energy block chain
区块链技术的出现既为传统的能源业的转型升级带来了生机，同时也为破解能源业存在的问题和创新发展模式提供了新的机遇。目前国际上针对区块链在能源业发展中应用场景的探讨相对较为丰富，主要表现为以下６个方面。
The emergence of block-chain technologies has created new opportunities for the transformation and upgrading of the traditional energy sector, as well as for debunking the problems and innovative development models of the energy sector. The current international exploration of the application of block-chains in energy industry development is relatively rich, mainly in the following six areas.
２．１ 基于区块链的分布式Ｐ２Ｐ交易
2.1 Distributed P2P transactions based on block chains
随着能源技术的不断进步、售电市场的不断成熟，以太阳能为代表的清洁能源快速崛起，但在传统的电力交易体系中，普遍存在着交易参与方众多、峰谷电价差异大、记账方式不统一、结算方式繁琐以及账期过长等问题，而且，太阳能、风能等作为分布式能源，需求侧的用户在扮演消费者角色的同时也开始担当供应者的角色，这给传统的电力市场体系带来了极大的挑战。
The rapid rise of clean energy, represented by solar energy, as energy technology advances, electricity markets mature, but in traditional power trading systems there are widespread problems of large trading players, large differences in power prices in the Peak Valley, inconsistent accounting, cumbersome settlements and excessive long-term accounts, and the fact that solar and wind energy are distributed sources of energy and demand-side users start to act as suppliers while playing a consumer role poses a great challenge to traditional power market systems.
区块链技术所具有的去中心化、去信任化、数据公开透明和分布性存储等特点与当前能源发展的新要求高度吻合，因此，利用区块链技术构筑分布式能源交易市场，促进Ｐ２Ｐ交易，既十分必要，也有极高的可行性。基于区块链的Ｐ２Ｐ交易可以有效解决分布式发电所遭遇的计费、清算、结算等方面的困境，摆脱传统的依托售电公司完成电力交易的桎梏，充分实现交易的去中心化，能有效提升交易效率、降低交易成本。目前，国际上这方面的案例已陆续呈现，纽约布鲁克林基于区块链智能微电网系统是其中典型的代表，下文将对此做专门分析。
The characteristics of block chain technology, such as decentralisation, detrusting, data openness and distributional storage, are highly consistent with the new requirements of current energy development, so that it is both necessary and highly feasible to use block chain technology to build distributed energy trading markets to facilitate P2P transactions. P2P transactions based on block chains can effectively address the difficulties encountered by distributed electricity generation in terms of billing, settlement, settlement, etc., and move away from the traditional feed-in companies to complete power trading, to fully decentralize the transactions and effectively improve transaction efficiency and reduce transaction costs.
２．２ 基于区块链的能源金融
新能源的建设需要大量的投资，离不开金融的支持，但由于缺乏合理的信用风险定价手段，导致在银行贷款等环节遭遇困难。比如目前已经非常普遍的分布式光伏电站，仍然没有有效的技术手段做出合理的价值评估，而且当前的集中化数据管理容易产生虚假评估等情况。区块链的分布式账本在新能源评估中的应用可以摆脱中心化的束缚，既有助于证券化发起人能有效识别资产的数量和质量，又能有效监督新能源产出和回报等情况，更能避免新能源资产所有者在抵押后的道德风险，为解决能源金融的棘手问题提供了可行的方法。
The construction of new energy sources requires substantial investment and financial support, but the lack of a reasonable credit risk pricing tool has led to difficulties with bank loans, among other things. For example, currently distributed photovoltaic power stations, for example, still do not have effective technical tools to make reasonable value assessments, and current centralized data management can easily lead to false assessments.
在国际上，致力于区块链能源金融服务的项目正在相继出现，ＷｅＰｏｗｅｒ是一个由一家爱沙尼亚公司运作的区块链能源项目，专注于绿色能源的专业服务。ＷｅＰｏｗｅｒ平台利用区块链的智能合约将能源消费者、可再生能源生产商和绿色能源技术投资者连接起来，既可以让参与者为新的绿色能源项目投资，又可以让消费者以高效、安全和透明的方式采购自用的绿色能源。ＷｅＰｏｗｅｒ平台允许可再生能源生产商应用区块链手段发行自己的能源代币以筹集资金，代币持有者可以优先参与新能源代币销售拍卖，也可在新能源工厂建成运行之后直接使用这些代币量的能源，还可以重新投入平台进行再投资。
At the international level, projects dedicated to block-chain energy financial services are emerging, and
ＷｅＰｏｗｅｒ应用物联网和区块链结合的手段，实现了与能源基础设施以及能源交易市场的直接连接，为各种类型的投资者、能源市场参与者和最终能源消费者建立起多元融合的合作体系，为创新能源金融的发展模式做出了探索。
２．３ 基于区块链的碳交易
碳交易是联合国为有效控制全球温室气体减排，减少全球二氧化碳排放所采用的市场机制。自１９９７年１２月《京都议定书》正式通过以来，二氧化碳排放权作为一种可交易的商品在全球范围内流通，参加这一协定的国家在一定时期内必须限定在承诺的减排目标之内排放，各国将排放指标分配给本国不同的企业。由于碳排放受额度控制，所以碳排放演变成了一种高价值的“资产”，简称为“碳资产”。由于在全球范围内碳排放的测量缺乏统一标准，监管制度也各不相同，各国之间就排放问题缺乏相应的信任，所以在过去很多年难以找到切实有效的应对措施。在过去，无论是企业还是各国政府都是通过中心化的服务器存储碳排放的相关数据，由于缺乏透明度和可靠的监督手段，数据的真实性和可靠性始终存疑，同时由于信息缺乏有效的共享和可信的追溯机制，使得碳排放的实际执行效果受到极大挑战。
Carbon trading is the market mechanism used by the United Nations to effectively control global greenhouse gas emission reductions and reduce global carbon dioxide emissions. Since the formal adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997, carbon dioxide emission rights have been circulating globally as a tradable commodity, with countries participating in the agreement having to limit their emissions to the promised emission reduction targets for a limited period of time, and countries have allocated emission targets to different enterprises in their countries. Carbon emissions have evolved into a high-value “asset” – called “carbon assets – as a result of carbon emissions control.
运用区块链技术来解决碳排放的难题，实现碳资产数字化，为促进公平、公开和公正的碳交易提供了可行的解决方案。利用区块链可分布的节点共享、可追溯的特点能实现碳资产实时动态的跟踪和记录配额的合理分配，让碳交易市场更加透明、有序，并且更容易实施。具体的做法是通过搭建碳排放权的认证和交易平台，给予每一个参与碳排放交易的参与者分配专有的ＩＤ，通过加盖时间戳把动态生成的碳排放数据存储在区块链中进行记录，通过多节点的数据共享，保证数据的真实性、完整性和准确性。在此基础上，将碳排放的控制通过区块链的智能合约来实现，即实现碳排放额度自动化记录和计算，使整个流程变得更加顺畅和高效，以有效控制碳资产的生产和管理成本，对在全球范围内减少碳排放起到积极作用。
Using block-chain technologies to address carbon emission challenges and to digitize carbon assets offers viable solutions to promote fair, open and fair carbon trading. Using distributed nodes in the block chain, retrospective features allow for a reasonable allocation of real-time carbon asset movements to be tracked and recorded, making carbon trading markets more transparent, orderly, and easier to implement.
国际上利用区块链助力碳资产交易已有了一些实际的探索，并已取得了良好的成效。ＩＢＭ在２０１８年５月与环保科技初创公司Ｖｅｒｉｄｉｕｍ达成合作，将碳资产转换成一种新型的可替代的数字资产ＣＲＢ，这种资产可以在ＩＢＭ合作的另一家初创公司Ｓｔｅｌｌａｒ创建的区块链网络上进行兑换和交易，以有效消除碳资产各个环节的不透明，并能降低购买和使用碳资产额度的成本及风险，使碳交易变得更加公平、公开和公正，对解决长期困扰的环保问题有了更加切实有效的应对措施。
Internationally, there have been some practical developments and good results in the use of block chains for carbon asset trading. In May 2018, IBM entered into a partnership with Veridium, an environmental science start-up company, to convert carbon assets into a new alternative digital asset, CRB, which can be converted and traded on a network of blocks created by another IBM start-up company, Steelar, in order to effectively eliminate the opacity of carbon assets and reduce the costs and risks of purchasing and using carbon assets, making carbon transactions more equitable, open and fair, and providing more effective responses to long-suffering environmental problems.
２．４ 基于区块链的电动汽车共享充电
电动汽车既代表着汽车业转型的重要方向，也越来越成为新型的电力能源消费载体。伴随电动汽车高速增长的同时，充电桩基础设施建设和使用效率问题越来越突出，尤其是如何提升现有充电桩的利用率成为一个广受关注的话题，某种意义上可以说决定着电动汽车发展的未来。传统充电桩的建设都通过中心化机构进行选址、独立组网和封闭运营，充电协议和计量模式繁多、充放电的交互性差、充电过程不透明、充电数据无法共享等问题导致充电桩的效率低下。尤其是私人安装的充电桩，基本都处在“一车一桩”的专用状态，大部分时间处于闲置，而且由于充电桩固定在某个特定位置，对电动车远距离出行带来了极大的不便。如果将分布在各地、分属于不同机构或个人建设的充电桩联合组网，实现分布式的管理，真正做到资源共享、系统互联、数据互通，将会构建起充电桩发展的新生态。
With the rapid growth of electric cars, the issue of efficiency in the construction and use of recharge posts has become increasingly prominent, in particular how to increase the utilization of existing chargers, which in a sense will determine the future of the development of electric cars. The construction of traditional chargeposts is determined by the centralization of sites, independent grids and closed operations, the multiplicity of recharge protocols and metering models, the lack of interactivity of discharges, the lack of transparency of the recharge process, and the inability to share charging data, all of which have become less efficient.
利用区块链技术搭建一个去中心化的计费模型，并处理所有计费、支付和身份验证等问题，使不同的充电桩单独计费，开放给不同的用户使用，并能完成自动充电和结算，必将使充电桩的利用率大大提升，电动汽车的充电难题迎刃而解。而且，通过区块链采集到的精准充电数据可以帮助政府、汽车厂商和电力部门进一步优化充电桩的布局，并提供相应的增值服务。
Building a decentralised billing model using block chain technology and dealing with all billing, payment, and identification issues, allowing separate charger posts to be used separately by different users and able to complete automatic charge and settlement, will certainly lead to a significant increase in the use of chargers and the resolution of electric vehicle charge problems. Moreover, accurate charge data collected through block chains can help governments, car manufacturers, and the electricity sector to further optimize the layout of recharge posts and provide corresponding value-added services.
ＪｕｉｃｅＮｅｔ是总部位于美国加州的ｅＭｏｔｏｒＷｅｒｋｓ公司开发的基于区块链的分布式充电服务平台，该平台利用开放的ＡＰＩ，可以控制任何通过ＷｉＦｉ连接的充电桩，实现以下３个方面的功能：一是通过综合平衡充电桩的资源，最大限度地满足电动汽车充电需求；二是提升充电桩运营商和个人业主的收益，实现资产价值的最大化；三是助力于充电桩布局的优化，有利于电动汽车基础设施配套的完善。ＪｕｉｃｅＮｅｔ项目实现了“共享”和“共建”两个方面的目标：共享是指不但能实现不同充电桩服务商之间互联互通，还能让私人充电桩接入区块链平台，并与其他车主实现共享，充电桩提供者可以自行决定电费的收费标准并独立收取相应费用；共建是指当充电业务需求足够大的时候，将促进其他合作伙伴加入平台，共建充电桩行业生态，共同满足电动汽车充电服务需求。
JuiceNet is a block-based distributed charging service platform developed by the eMotorWerks Corporation, based in California, United States of America, which uses an open API to control any charger connected through WiFi to achieve the following three functions: first, to maximize the need for electric car charge by balancing the resources of the chargeposts; second, to maximize the value of assets by increasing the earnings of the charger and individual owner; third, to contribute to the optimization of the recharge post layout, which facilitates the improvement of the infrastructure of electric automobiles.
“能源情报能源数字化”微信社群将组建，业内人士私信告知详细信息：名字+公司+职务，并附上名片，核实后合适邀请。
, “Digitalization of Energy Energy in Energy” will be formed, and private individuals in the industry will provide detailed information: name + company + position, accompanied by a business card, which will verify the appropriate invitation.
２．５ 基于区块链的能源征信体系建设
2.5 Energy Letter System Building Based on Block Chain
能源消耗既是各类企事业单位也是各个家庭的基本开销，相关的交易记录一方面反映了消费主体的能源需求，另一方面也反映出了能源支撑业务发展的实际水平。对企业而言，用电数量和用电时间直接影响企业的经营状况，同时也有助于金融机构更好地掌握企业的信贷需求以及还款能力，能大幅度降低审贷成本，全面提升风险防范能力。
Energy consumption is a basic expense for all types of enterprises and households, and trade records reflect, on the one hand, the energy needs of consumers and, on the other hand, the actual level of energy-supporting business development. For enterprises, the amount and time spent on electricity directly influences the business’s performance.
利用区块链手段将企业能源消耗情况纳入征信系统，对政府和金融机构服务企业的融资需求有着极大的帮助，尤其是对缓解中小微企业的融资难、融资贵、融资繁等长期存在的顽疾能起到很好的效果。
The use of block chains to integrate enterprise energy consumption into credit systems has greatly contributed to the financing needs of government and financial institutions serving enterprises, particularly by alleviating chronic vulnerabilities such as the difficulty of financing small and medium-sized enterprises, the high cost of financing and the high volume of financing.
在国际上，基于区块链的能源征信项目也已出现。区块链能源项目Ｂｉｔｌｕｍｅｎｔｓ针对拉丁美洲偏远农村地区电力紧缺、消费能力弱、对用电需求迫切的实际，提供了运用物联网和区块链技术为当地用户提供可再生能源电力和小额贷款的解决方案，项目通过构建区块链平台向合作银行提供申请购置太阳能电力套件居民的数据，并将太阳能设备的序列号、用户手机与用户的ＩＤ关联，形成了完整的、不可篡改的信用记录，为金融机构和电力需求用户之间建立起了基于区块链的连接，大大方便了业务的运作和管理，真正为那些平时难以享受小额信贷和辅助金融的用户提供了便利，帮助他们解决了无法依托金融机构满足用电需求的现实困难。
At the international level, a block-chain-based energy credit project has also emerged. The block-chain energy project Bitluments provides solutions for the use of grid-connected and block-chain technologies to provide renewable energy and micro-credit to local users in remote rural areas of Latin America, targeting electricity shortages, low consumption capacity and the need for electricity. The project provides partner banks with data on residents who apply for solar power packages by building block-chain platforms and linking solar equipment serial numbers, user mobile phones and user IDs, creating complete, non-alterable credit records, establishing block-based links between financial institutions and users of electricity demand, greatly facilitating the operation and management of operations and genuinely facilitating access to microcredit and supporting financial users, helping them to address the real difficulties that financial institutions are unable to meet their electricity needs.
２．６ 基于区块链的能源综合管理
随着应用探索的不断深入，区块链在能源综合管理中已取得多方面的进展：一是基于区块链的能源全流程管控，主要利用联盟链的架构建立起面向源、网、荷、储全链互动的区块链能源运营体系，通过智能合约的引入实行自动化的管理，为能源的生产、传输、存储和使用提供支撑平台，既能有效避免人为因素和外部因素的干扰，又可以达到更为灵活的控制和更为精准的决策；二是基于区块链的资产和供应链管理，通过区块数字资产和实物资产的相互对应，实现资产的全过程可追溯，提升供应链管理的透明度；三是实现多系统的协同，采用区块链记录不同能源系统的实时生产信息及其运行成本，在多个系统之间进行成本和价格的比较，从中形成最优的供能方案；四是确定合理的线路损失，目前电力能源在转换、传输和存储等环节所产生的线损，基本由电网公司单方面决定，利用区块链进行线损管控，可获得各个环节的实际线损数据，并能发现可能的改进之处，同时让各方更加合理地分担线路损失。
As applications are increasingly explored, the block chain has made many advances in integrated energy management: one is based on the whole process of energy management of the block chain, using mainly the architecture of the chain of alliances to establish a system of block-chain energy operations that is source-oriented, network-based, network-based, Dutch-based and chain-wide interaction, with automated management through the introduction of smart contracts, providing support platforms for the production, transmission, storage and use of energy that effectively avoid anthropogenic and external disruptions, while allowing for more flexible control and more precise decision-making; the second is based on the management of assets of the block chain and supply chain, which can be traced back to the entire process of supply chain management; the third is to achieve multi-system synergies, using block-chains to record real-time production information from different energy systems and their operating costs, to generate the best supply options from among multiple systems; and the fourth is to establish reasonable line losses, which are currently occurring in connection with the conversion, transmission and storage of electrical energy, basically by unilateral decisions of grid companies, to use line-line loss control, with actual line loss data from each link, and to detect potential improvements.
基于区块链的能源综合管理已在国际上有不少先行者，欧洲国家相关的电力服务商和新兴的区块链技术厂商参与者较多。在亚洲国家中，日本、新加坡等国家也有不少企业开始实践。总体来看，当前特定领域、局部范围的应用较为常见，要实现全方位、深层次和多角度的应用，尚有非常漫长的道路。
In other countries, such as Japan and Singapore, firms are beginning to practice. In general, applications in specific areas and local applications are more common, and there is a long way to go to achieve full-scale, deep-level, and multi-dimensional applications.
(未完待续……)
(to be continued )
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Disclaimer: The above text is reproduced from energy intelligence and the text sent does not represent the platform's position.
National Energy Information Platform contact: 010-65367702, e-mail: hz@people-energy.com.cn, People's Daily News, No. 2 Kim Daexi Road, Yangtze District, Beijing
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