区块链将是继互联网之后的又一次新的信息化革命，并在一定程度上，将像互联网一样，将改变现有的生产关系和商业逻辑，进而推进人类社会的高质量发展。10月24日下午，中共中央政治局就区块链技术发展现状和趋势进行第十八次集体学习，中共中央总书记习近平在主持学习时对区块链技术发表重要讲话，总书记强调，区块链技术的集成应用在新的技术革新和产业变革中起着重要作用，将区块链技术提升到了国家战略的高度。
The block chain will be another new information revolution following the Internet and, to some extent, will change existing productive relationships and business logic, as the Internet does, in order to advance the high-quality development of human society. On the afternoon of 24 October, the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party conducted its eighteenth collective learning session on the current state and trends in block chain technology, and the Central Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping, delivered an important speech on block chain technology in his lead. The Secretary-General stressed that integrated application of block chain technology plays an important role in new technological innovations and industrial transformations, bringing block chain technology to the top of national strategies.
为什么区块链是一次信息化革命？这种技术到底能做什么？区块链目前是一种处于初期阶段的网络底层技术，普通人本来就不容易理解，再加上这些年虚拟货币的市场炒作和误导性宣传，导致公众往往对区块链核心技术逻辑缺乏全面科学的理解。随着国家对区块链普及和发展的推动，势必会让社会大众更加了解区块链技术的本质，促进区块链逐步在各行各业的信息化系统中广泛应用。
Why is the block chain an information revolution? What can this technology do? The block chain is now an early-stage, bottom-of-the-line technology that is not easily understood by ordinary people, coupled with years of virtual currency market speculation and misleading propaganda, which often leads to a lack of comprehensive scientific understanding of the core technical logic of the block chain.
本文不进行技术上的详细描述，主要从区块链的数据处理方式入手，对比与传统信息化系统的数据处理方式的不同，进而说明这样的不同将如何对生产关系和业务流程产生巨大的优化作用。
This paper does not provide a technical detail, but focuses mainly on the way the block chain is processed, contrasting with the traditional information systems, and thus explains how such a difference would lead to significant optimization of production relations and business processes.
首先，从正本清源方面，先说明一下区块链技术的分类，以及区块链与虚拟货币的关系。根据国际通用标准，区块链技术主要分为两类：公有链（Permissionless Blockchain）和许可链（Permissioned Blockchain）。公有链主要用于虚拟货币（Cryptocurrencies），到目前为止，世界上基本上没有非虚拟货币的其他广泛使用的公有链应用。公有链的特点就是常说的去中心化和匿名性等。但因为公有链和虚拟货币不符合中国现行的法律法规和监管要求，原则上在中国无法合法落地和运营。
First, in terms of original sources, a description of the classification of block chain techniques and their relationship to virtual currency is provided. In accordance with international common standards, block chain technologies are divided into two main categories: public chains (Permissionlessles Blockchain) and licensing chains (Permissioned Blockchain). Public chains are mainly used in virtual currency (Cryptocurrences), and so far there are virtually no other widely used public chain applications of non-virtual currencies.
本次中央将区块链上升到国家战略层面，完全针对的是许可链，以及许可链下包括的联盟链和私有链技术。许可链主要适用于企业级、工业级和行业级各类应用。本次国家政策出台后，比特币大涨，币圈也跟着瞎起哄，但实际上，国家区块链战略跟虚拟币一点儿关系也没有，甚至从专业角度看来，对中国的币圈是一次重大利空。因为社会和民众会逐渐理解区块链是一种底层技术，不会再混淆区块链和虚拟币之间的关系。
This central upgrade of the block chain to the national strategic level is entirely focused on the licensing chain, as well as on the union and private chain technologies that are included under the licensing chain. The licensing chain applies mainly to applications at the enterprise, industrial, and industry levels. After this national policy, bitcoin rose, and currency rings went blind, but in practice, the national block chain strategy has nothing to do with virtual currency, or even professionally, with China’s currency ring being a major asset.
许可链，特别是适用于多方协作和共识的联盟链技术，与公有链的机制有很大不同。联盟链不是去中心化的，而是很中心化或称为多中心化的系统，也做不到完全匿名和透明。任何说到区块链就提去中心化的，基本上是还没有搞清楚联盟链和公有链的区别。那么，联盟链到底是什么？简单来说，联盟链是通过加密技术和点对点传输方式，在多个业务方之间建立共享账本（共享数据库）机制，让数据的处理成本大幅降低和传输效率大幅提高。为了能够更直观说明，可以简单地认为通过互联网连接的几个业务方进行数据交互的结构为串联，而将同样的业务改为基于区块链技术的结构则为并联，如下图所示。
The licensing chain, especially the coalition chain technology that applies to multiple collaborations and consensus, is very different from the public chain mechanism. The union chain is not decentralized, but rather a system that is either centralized or referred to as multi-centralized, and cannot be completely anonymous and transparent. Anything that is central to the block chain is basically not clear as to the difference between the union chain and the public chain. So, what is the union chain? Simply put, the union chain is a shared book (shared database) mechanism between multiple business parties by means of encryption technology and point-to-point transmission, which significantly reduces the cost of data processing and improves the efficiency of transmission. In order to be able to speak more directly, it is possible to simply assume that the structure of data interactions between several operators connected through the Internet can be linked by a chain structure, while transforming the same business into a structure based on the technology of the block chain, as shown in the figure below.
上图中，左侧的图是目前很多业务中信息化系统的串联结构，业务流各方都有自己独立的系统和独立的数据库，一方把业务数据在自己系统内处理完之后，再传给下一方。串联关系的上下游之间都需要进行单独的接口开发，以便数据可以在不同的系统间传递。右图是同样业务流，不同的是改变为联盟链的并联关系。各方都有一个结构完全一致的账本（数据库），账本之间通过共识排序节点进行同步，任何一方的数据进行增加或修改，其他各方的账本会实时进行更新。简单来说，联盟链技术只是将数据的传递和存储方式进行了调整而已。
In the figure above, the left is the network structure of the current information system in many operations, where each party has its own independent system and independent database, and where each party has processed the business data within its own system and transmits it to the next party. Separate interface development is required between upstream and downstream of the chain, so that the data can be transmitted between different systems. The right is the same stream, the difference being that it is changed to a link in the chain of alliances. Each party has a fully structured ledger (database), synchronized between the ledgers by a consensus sorting node, increased or modified data from either side, and the books of the others are updated in real time.
联盟链技术这样简单，为什么说它是一次新的信息化革命呢？为什么国家要将其上升到国家战略呢？要回答这个问题，可以先参照一下互联网的发展。什么是互联网？互联网就是让电脑之间的数据传递达到秒级，而不是像九十年代，需要一方从一台电脑上把数据拷贝到光盘上，邮寄给对方，对方把光盘放入电脑，然后再读取数据。互联网技术说起来更简单，但过去二十年，彻底改变了人类社会，彻底改变了商业流程和逻辑。区块链的数据传递和存储方式是基于互联网的一次重大升级，并进一步优化了互联网数据传输方式中的低效率和高成本问题。在研究和建设区块链服务网络（BSN）期间，参与各方经过多次讨论，总结出以下七个方面，说明区块链技术是如何优化互联网数据传输的：
The Internet is a second-class transmission of data between computers, rather than, as in the 1990s, requiring one of the parties to copy the data from a computer to a CD-ROM, to post it to the other, and then to read the data. Internet technology is easier to say, but in the last two decades, it has completely changed the human society and completely changed business processes and logic. The data transmission and storage of the chain is based on a major upgrading of the Internet and has further optimized the inefficiency and high cost of the way Internet data are transmitted. During the period of research and construction of the BSN, participants have discussed the following seven ways to optimize Internet data transmission:
一、降低对账成本
I. Reducing reconciliation costs
在几乎所有涉及到金融业务、支付业务、缴费业务和交易业务的信息化系统中，对账是在互联网串联结构下防止数据作假、数据丢失和数据出错的重要手段。前文的图中，在这种串联关系里，业务方2从业务方1处拿到数据，进行业务处理后，再发给业务方3。业务方3因为不与业务方1直接进行数据交互，因此根本无法百分之百保证业务方2的数据真实性。串联关系中的两两对账就成了很关键的数据安全措施。即使有了对账，仍然不能百分之百防范有业务方通过时间差、瞒上欺下等方式进行数据造假。特别是对账流程不严谨的业务流，很多数据作假是永远发现不了的。而同样的业务，变为区块链的并联结构后，任何一方的数据进行了更新，其他所有方立即就能知道，所有方的数据完全一致，对账的需求基本不存在。对企业内控、财务和审计熟悉的读者，肯定知道对账的重要性和复杂性。如果能通过区块链技术将全世界的对账成本减少一半，这本身就是一个每年以百亿美金为单位的巨大市场。
In almost all information systems involving financial operations, payment operations, contribution operations and transactional operations, reconciliations are an important means of preventing data fraud, data loss and data error in the context of Internet connection structures. In the preceding diagrams, in this connection, business party 2 receives data from business party 1 and processes it and then issues it to business party 3. Because of the fact that the data are not interacted directly with business party 1, it is impossible for business party 3 to guarantee 100% of the data authenticity of business party 2. The two pairs in the connection are a key data security measure.
二、减少开发成本
Reducing development costs
串联关系下的系统都有自己独立的数据库和数据结构，因此，当进行数据传递时，系统与系统之间必须进行接口开发。由于各自系统的独特性，这种接口开发基本上只能用于这两个系统之间，无法复用。而在区块链的并联结构下，业务各方使用统一数据库结构（共享账本），数据库之间通过区块链内部机制进行实时更新，系统之间不需要任何接口开发。而将业务数据写入共享账本本身就是业务系统内部数据处理机制，避免接口开发和维护的麻烦，且没有增加额外成本。如果能通过区块链技术将全世界的接口开发和维护成本减少一半，这又是一个每年以百亿美金为单位计算的巨大市场。
In the context of the links, systems have their own separate databases and data structures; therefore, when data are transmitted, interface development between systems is necessary. Because of the uniqueness of the respective systems, interface development is essentially only available between the two systems and cannot be reused.
三、防止数据造假
III. PREVENTION OF DATA DESTRUCTION
串联关系下的各业务系统之间即使有再严格的对账机制，但互相之间完全看不到对方的数据库，更别说隔了几个系统的业务方，因此，在这种串联关系下，数据造假根本无法杜绝。而区块链的实时同步机制，让业务流中的任何一方随时都知道其他所有方的数据变化。避免了串联结构下通过瞒上欺下而产生的漏洞。区块链的并联结构下，直接杜绝了业务任何一方的数据造假。对于区块链使用方来说，除了对账以外，基本可以节省其他防止业务方进行造假的手段和成本。
Even if there is a more rigorous reconciliation mechanism between the business systems under the chain, the database of each other is completely invisible to each other, let alone separate several of the systems’ operators, and therefore data fabrication cannot be eliminated under the chain. The real-time synchronization mechanism of the block chain allows any party in the stream to know at any time the changes in data from all other parties.
四、便于数据获取
IV. Facilitating access to data
互联网的串联结构下，数据是从一个业务系统到另一个业务系统逐步传递的。也就是说，如果因为任何原因，业务方2不给业务3传递数据，那么业务方3和业务方4的业务就要发生停顿，他们没有任何办法拿到业务方1传出的数据。也就是说，任何一方的业务数据获取完全依赖上游的主动性和意愿性，否则，可能完全接触不到数据。而区块链的并联关系很好的解决了这个问题，业务任一方的数据发生更新，其他各方均实时得到，不需要等任何一方来进行传递。这将大大提高各方获取业务数据的效率。而这种数据效率的提升，在很多行业是至关重要的。
Under the network structure of the Internet, data are transferred gradually from one business system to another. That is, if, for any reason, the operator does not transmit the data to business 3, then the business of the operator 3 and the business 4 are halted, and they have no way of obtaining the data transmitted by the operator 1. That is to say, either party’s business data capture is entirely upstream proactive and willing, otherwise it may be completely inaccessible.
五、?取消中间环节
V. Cancel the middle segment
任何一个商业业务流程中，有很多方并不进行业务处理，而是仅对业务信息或数据进行传递，这也被称为中间环节或者中间商。在串联结构中，很多情况下，因为地理、专线、销售人员不足等原因，业务中必须要有中间环节。而通过区块链的并联关系，跨区域的数据获取和数据传递效率大大提高，很多中间环节可以省去。为核心业务方增加更多盈利空间。省去中间环节并不是坏事，在过去二十年中，互联网的出现已经使无数的中间环节消失。
In any business process, many parties do not deal with business, but simply transmit business information or data, which is also referred to as intermediary or broker. In a chain structure, in many cases, there must be an intermediate link in the business, for reasons such as geography, specialization, and a shortage of sales personnel.
六、提升容错能力
VI. Enhancing tolerance for error
串联结构下，最大的问题就是任何一个系统不能宕机或断线，否则整个流程完全中断。为了解决这个问题，唯一的办法就是进行热备和冷备，以及一系列的容错机制和设备。这大大增加了信息化系统建设和维护的成本。而在区块链的并联关系下，任何一个系统宕机或断线，完全不影响其他系统的正常运行以及数据的处理。宕机的系统恢复后，缺失的数据会自动同步，不产生任何不良后果。因此，将很多传统信息化系统进行区块链改造后，将极大降低容错设备和机制建设和维护的成本。
The biggest problem is that any system cannot be connected or disconnected, or the entire process is completely disrupted. The only way to solve this problem is to make heat and cool, as well as a series of fault mechanisms and equipment. This significantly increases the costs of building and maintaining an information system. In the context of the connection of a block chain, any system jamming or disconnecting does not in any way affect the proper functioning of other systems or the processing of data. When the system is restored, the missing data is automatically synchronized without any adverse consequences.
七、扩大监管范围
VII. Expansion of the scope of regulation
在互联网的串联结构下，任何监管只能在整个线条的某个或某几个点上进行，无法对整个线条上的所有数据进行监管。很多违法行为只要避开监管点就能够为所欲为，这是线性数据传递模式下不可避免的问题。而在区块链的并联结构下，监管机制可以作为一个节点，随时了解所有业务方的数据变化，对整个业务流进行全面监管。在政治局将区块链定为国策的前一周，国务院发文要推进使用区块链技术来加强各领域的监管机制，就是这个原因。
Under the network structure of the Internet, any regulation can take place only at one or more points of the entire line, and not all data on the entire line can be monitored. Many violations can be committed as long as they avoid the point of control, which is an inevitable problem under linear data transfer patterns.
以上提到的联盟链的任何一个好处，普及后都对全球信息化行业有着天翻地覆的影响，将七项综合在一起，未来对全球、全社会产生的影响，绝对可以大到将区块链技术定义为一次新的信息化革命。严格来说，区块链的网络架构不是传统意义上的并联结构，但使用串联和并联可以让大家更直观地理解区块链的内部机制。
Any of the benefits of the above-mentioned alliance chain have a dramatic impact on the global information industry, combining seven sets of implications for the future, globally and socially, to the extent that it is possible to define block chain technology as a new information revolution. Strictly speaking, the network structure of the block chain is not a traditional conjunctural structure, but the use of links and linkages allows for a more intimacy of the internal mechanisms of the block chain.
目前，区块链还处在一个比较早期的阶段，面临的最大问题就是成链成本太高。而对很多业务来说，在目前运转良好的情况下，对高成本的新技术是没有需求的。因此，降低区块链的成本，特别是入门成本，是当前区块链行业发展最重要的任务。对比互联网的发展，在1995年的时候，建设一个网站也是成本巨大，特别是在早期的局域网环境中。而互联网作为一个基础设施的出现，让数据在全球传递的成本逐年下降。到了1999年，在国内基本花费几千元就能够建立一个网站。一个新技术只有将入门成本降到无限接近于零，技术本身才能蓬勃发展，基于这个技术的创新才能够在全社会开展。如果到了2000年，在中国建个简单网站还需要百万人民币，估计马云和马化腾的创业也不会成功。
Thus, reducing the cost of block chains, especially entry costs, is the most important task in developing the current block chain industry. Building a website in comparison with the development of the Internet in 1995 was also costly, especially in the early local area network environment.
（执笔：国家信息中心单志广、何亦凡）
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