一、概念
I. Concepts
区块链是一种按照时间顺序将数据区块以顺序相连的方式组合成的一 种链式数据结构，并以密码学方式保证的不可篡改和不可伪造的分布式账本。区块链是分布式数据存储、点对点传输、共识机制、加密算法等计算机技术的新型应用模式。
Block chains are new applications for distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, encryption algorithms, etc.
区块链的本质是一个分布式的公共账本，任何人都可以对这个账本进行核查，但不存在的单一用户可以对它进行控制，在区块链系统中的参与者共同维护账本的封信，它只能按照严格的规则和共识进行修改。
The essence of the block chain is a distributed public account book, which can be verified by anyone, but which can be controlled by a single user that does not exist, and a letter from the participants in the block chain system, which can only be modified in accordance with strict rules and consensus.
二、发展历史
II. THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
区块链起源于比特币，2008年11月1日，一位自称中本聪(Satoshi Nakamoto)的人发表了《比特币:一种点对点的电子现金系统》一文，阐述了基于P2P网络技术、加密技术、时间戳技术、区块链技术等的电子现金系统的构架理念，这标志着比特币的诞生。两个月后理论步入实践，2009年1月3日第一个序号为0的创世区块诞生，几天后2009年1月9日出现序号为1的区块，并与序号为0的创世区块相连接形成了链，标志着区块链的诞生。
The chain of blocks originated in Bitcoin, and on 1 November 2008, a person claiming to be Satoshi Nakamoto published a text entitled Bitcoin: an electronic cash system for point-to-points, setting out the concept of an electronic cash system based on P2P network technology, encryption technology, time-stamp technology, block chain technology, etc., which marked the birth of Bitcoin. Two months later, the theory was put into practice, the creation block No. 0 of 3 January 2009 was born, the block No. 1 appeared a few days later, and the chain was linked to the creation block No. 0, marking the birth of the chain of blocks.
近年来，世界对比特币的态度起起落落，但作为比特币底层技术之一的区块链技术日益受到重视，在比特币形成过程中，区块是一个一个的存储单元，记录了一定时间内各个区块节点全部的交流信息，各个区块之间通过随机散列实现链接，后一个区块包含前一个区块的哈希值，随着信息交流的扩大，一个区块与一个区块相继接续，形成的结果就叫区块链。
In recent years, the attitude of the world's bitcoin has risen or fallen, but the block chain technology, one of the bottom bitcoin technologies, has received increasing attention. During the process of Bitcoin formation, the block is a storage unit that records the full exchange of information at the nodes of the blocks over a period of time. Links are made between the blocks by random haste. The latter block contains the Hashi value of the previous block. As the exchange of information expands, a block is successive to a block, and the result is called a block chain.
在2016年，俄罗斯联邦中央证券所（NSD）宣布了一个基于区块链技术的试点项目。许多在音乐产业中具有监管权的机构开始利用区块链技术建立测试模型， 用来征收版税和世界范围内的版权管理。
In 2016, the Central Securities Institute of the Russian Federation (NSD) announced a pilot project based on block chain technology.
三、区块链的进化方式
III. Evolution of the block chain
1．酝酿期：2009-2012年，经济形态以比特币及其产业生态为主。
1. In the gestation period: 2009-2012, the economy was dominated by Bitcoin and its industrial ecology.
2．萌芽期：2012-2015年，区块链随着比特币进入公众视野，新生的钱包支付和汇款公司出现，区块链经济扩散到金融领域。区块链底层技术创新不断，使区块链技术从比特币系统中剥离出来。
2. The budding period: 2012-2015, with Bitcoin entering public view, the emergence of new wallet payment and remittance companies, and the spread of the block chain economy to the financial sector. Technological innovations at the bottom of the block chain have continued, displacing block chain technology from the bitcoin system.
3．发展期：2016年开始探索行业应用，出现了大量区块链创业公司，2017年ICO的火热让区块链受到前所未有的关注。
3. Development period: The exploration of industrial applications began in 2016, with the emergence of a large number of block-chain start-ups and unprecedented attention to the ICO chain in 2017.
四、区块链发展模式
IV. The block chain development model
第一、区块链1.0——数字货币；
First, block chain 1.0 - digital currency;
第二、区块链2.0——数字资产与智能合约；
Second, block chains 2.0 - digital assets and smart contracts;
第三、区块链3.0——DAO、DAC（区块链自洽组织、区块链自洽公司）-->区块链大社会（科学，医疗，教育etc，区块链+人工智能）。
Third, block chain 3.0 - DAO, DAC (block chain self-organization, block chain self-connection) - > block chain community (science, medical, educational etc., block chain + artificial intelligence).
五、分类
V. Categorization
区块链目前分为三类，
The chain of blocks is currently divided into three categories.
1.公有区块链（PublicBlockChains)
1. Public Block Chain (PublicBlock Chains)
指世界上任何个体或者团体都可以发送交易，且交易能够获得该区块链的有效确认，任何人都可以参与其共识过程。公有区块链是最早的区块链，也是目前应用最广泛的区块链，各大bitcoins系列的虚拟数字货币均基于公有区块链，世界上有且仅有一条该币种对应的区块链。
It means that any individual or group in the world can send a transaction and that the transaction can be validly confirmed by the block chain, and anyone can participate in the consensus process. The public block chain is the earliest and the most widely applied block chain, with the large bitcoins series of virtual digital currencies based on the public block chain, with the world having and only one corresponding block chain in that currency.
2.联合（行业）区块链（ConsortiumBlockChains)
2. Joint (industry) block chain (Consortium Block Chains)
由某个群体内部指定多个预选的节点为记账人，每个块的生成由所有的预选节点共同决定（预选节点参与共识过程），其他接入节点可以参与交易，但不过问记账过程(本质上还是托管记账，只是变成分布式记账，预选节点的多少，如何决定每个块的记账者成为该区块链的主要风险点），其他任何人可以通过该区块链开放的API进行限定查询。
Within a group, multiple pre-selected nodes are designated as bookkeepers, and each block is generated by all pre-selected nodes jointly (pre-selected nodes are involved in the consensus process) and other access nodes can be involved in the transaction, although limited queries can be made by any other person through the API, which is open in the section chain (in essence or as a trustee, is merely a distributed account, how many of the pre-selected nodes are, and how the bookkeepers of each block are determined to be the main risk point in the chain of the block).
3.私有区块链（privateBlockChains)
3. Private Block Chain (private Block Chains)
仅仅使用区块链的总账技术进行记账，可以是一个公司，也可以是个人，独享该区块链的写入权限，本链与其他的分布式存储方案没有太大区别。目前(Dec2015)保守的巨头（传统金融）都是想实验尝试私有区块链，而公链的应用例如bitcoin已经工业化，私链的应用产品还在摸索当中。
This is not so different from other distributed storage schemes. The current (Dec2015) conservative giants (traditional finance) are trying to experiment with private block chains, while public chain applications, such as bitcoin, are industrialized and private chain applications are still being explored.
六、区块链的特征
VI. Features of the block chain
第一、去中心化：区块链技术不依赖额外的第三方管理机构或硬件设施，没有中心管制，除了自成一体的区块链本身，通过分布式核算和存储，各个节点实现了信息自我验证、传递和管理；
First, decentralization: block chain technology is not dependent on additional third-party management or hardware facilities, there is no central control, and information self-validation, transmission and management is achieved at all nodes through distributed accounting and storage, in addition to the self-contained block chain itself;
第二、开放性：区块链技术基础是开放的，除了交易各方的私有信息被加密外，区块链的数据对所有人开放，任何人都可以通过公开的接口查询区块链数据和开发相关应用，因此整个系统信息高度透明；
Second, openness: the technical basis of the block chain is open, the data in the block chain are open to all except for private information of the parties to the transaction, and anyone can access the block chain data and develop relevant applications through open interfaces, thus providing a high degree of transparency of information throughout the system;
第三、独立性：基于协商一致的规范和协议，整个区块链系统不依赖其他第三方，所有节点能够在系统内自动安全地验证、交换数据，不需要任何人为的干预；
Third, independence: based on consensus norms and agreements, the whole block chain system is not dependent on other third parties, and all nodes are capable of automatically and safely validating and exchanging data within the system without intervention by anyone;
第四、安全性：只要不能掌控全部数据节点的51%，就无法肆意操控修改网络数据，这使区块链本身变得相对安全，避免了主观人为的数据变更；
Fourth, security: without control of 51 per cent of all data nodes, no arbitrary manipulation of network data can be exercised, which makes the block chain itself relatively secure and avoids subjective data changes;
第五、匿名性：除非有法律规范要求，单从技术上来讲，各区块节点的身份信息不需要公开或验证，信息传递可以匿名进行。
Fifthly, anonymity: Except as required by legal norms, the identity information of each block node does not technically need to be disclosed or authenticated, and the transmission of the information may be anonymous.
七、区块链的架构模型
VII. STRUCTURE MODEL OF THE LEVEL OF PARTS
第一、数据层： 封装了底层数据区块以及相关的数据加密和时间戳等基础数据和基本算法；
First, layers of data: Basic data and algorithms such as bottom data blocks and related data encryption and time stampes are sealed;
第二、网络层： 则包括分布式组网机制、数据传播机制和数据验证机制等；
(b) The second level of the network, which includes distributed network mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms and data validation mechanisms;
第三、共识层： 主要封装网络节点的各类共识算法；
(c) The consensus layer: various consensus algorithms for the main encapsulation of network nodes;
第四、激励层：将经济因素集成到区块链技术体系中来，主要包括经济激励的发行机制和分配机制等；
(iv) Incentive layer: Integrating economic factors into the technical system of block chains, including, inter alia, distribution and distribution mechanisms of economic incentives;
第五、合约层：主要封装各类脚本、算法和智能合约，是区块链可编程特性的基础；
(v) The contract layer: the main envelopes of scripts, algorithms and smart contracts are the basis for the programmable properties of the block chain;
第六、应用层：则封装了区块链的各种应用场景和案例。
Sixth: The application scenes and cases of block chains are covered.
八、区块链的核心技术
VIII. Core technology for block chains
1.分布式账本
1. Distributed books
一个分布式账本是在一个在去中心化网络的成员之间分享、复制、同步的一种数据库。分布式账本记录着网络的参与者们之间的交易，分布式账本中的每一条记录都有一个时间戳和一个独特的加密签名，这就使账本成为了网络中所有交易记录的可信的、不变的历史。
A distributed book is a database that is shared, copied, and synchronized among members of the decentralised network. The distributed book records transactions between participants in the network, with a time stamp and a unique encrypted signature for each record in the distributed book, making the account book a credible and constant history of all transaction records in the network.
2.非对称加密
2. Asymmetric encryption
存储在区块链上的交易信息是公开的，但是账户身份信息是高度加密的，只有在数据拥有者授权的情况下才能访问到，从而保证了数据的安全和个人的隐私 。
The transaction information stored on the block chain is publicly available, but the account identity information is highly encrypted and accessible only with the authorization of the data owner, thereby ensuring data security and personal privacy.
3.共识机制
3. Consensus mechanism
共识机制就是所有记账节点之间怎么达成共识，去认定一个记录的有效性，这既是认定的手段，也是防止篡改的手段。区块链的共识机制具备“少数服从多数”以及“人人平等”的特点， “人人平等”是当节点满足条件时，所有节点都有权优先提出共识结果、直接被其他节点认同后并最后有可能成为最终共识结果。
The consensus mechanism is how to reach consensus among all points of account to determine the validity of a record, both as a means of identification and as a means of preventing tampering. The consensus mechanism of the block chain is characterized by “subordination to the majority” and “equality for all” and, when the node meets the conditions, all nodes have the right to give priority to the consensus outcome, to be endorsed directly by the other nodes and, ultimately, to be the final consensus outcome.
4.智能合约
4. Smart contracts
智能合约是基于这些可信的不可篡改的数据，可以自动化的执行一些预先定义好的规则和条款。
Smart contracts are based on these credible and indeterminable data and allow for automated implementation of predefined rules and provisions.
5.区块链应用场景
5. Site for block chain application
第一、支付和现金交易：通过自身去中心化的优势为支付和现金交易创建一个更直接的支付流，它可在国内或跨国界，并且无需中介，以超低费率几乎瞬时速度的方式支付；
First, payments and cash transactions: create a more direct flow of payments and cash transactions through their own decentralized advantages, which can be paid internally or across national borders, without the need for intermediaries, at almost instantaneous rates;
第二、银行业：银行是一个安全的存储仓库和价值的交换中心，而区块链作为一种数字化的、安全的以及防篡改的总账账簿可以达到相同的功效；
(ii) Banking: banks are a secure repository and a clearing house for values, and block chains can be equally effective as a digital, secure and tamper-proof general ledger;
第三、游戏：区块链技能去中心化、智能合约、资产买卖等技能特点，能很好的解决现在游戏职业游戏数据和用户数据隐私走漏的问题，促进游戏中虚拟数字钱银的保值，完成用户与游戏开发渠道公正的价值同享；
Third, games: skills features such as block chain skills centralizing, smart contracts, asset sales, etc., can be a good solution to the current gaps in the privacy of professional game data and user data, promote the preservation of virtual digital money and silver in the game, and fulfil the fair value of users and the development channels of the game;
第四、物联网：区块链可以成为大量设备的一种公共账簿，在没有了中央控制系统来验证之后，设备将能够在它们之间互相匿名传输，并管理软件的更新、错误，或者进行能源管理；
Fourth: Block chains can be a public ledger for large amounts of equipment, which, without a central control system to verify, will be able to transmit anonymously between them and manage software updates, errors or energy management;
第五、供应链金融：供应链中商品从卖家到买家伴随着货币支付活动，在高信贷成本和企业现金流需求的背景下，金融服务公司提供商品转移和货款支付保障。供应链溯源防伪、交易验真、及时清算的特点将解决现有贸易金融网络中的诸多痛点；
(v) Supply chain finance: goods in the supply chain, from seller to buyer, are accompanied by money-payment activities, and in the context of high credit costs and business cash flow needs, financial services companies provide commodity transfer and payment guarantees. The characteristics of supply chain traceability, authentication, and timely liquidation will address many of the pains of existing trade finance networks;
第六、版权保护：在区块链技术环境下，每一次版权交易都会产生不可逆的交易记录，这也就意味着，包括一个创意、故事、剧本或角色。一旦记录在区块链上，即使所有权发生交换、转移、出售等，该资产都将一直被追踪，从而解决版权问题；
Sixthly, copyright protection: In a block chain technology environment, each copyright transaction produces an irreversible transaction record, which means that it includes an idea, a story, a script or a role. Once it is recorded on a block chain, the asset will be tracked, even if the ownership is exchanged, transferred, sold, etc., so as to solve the copyright problem.
第七、汽车业：未来的客户选择他们想要租赁的汽车，进入区块链的公共总账；然后，坐在驾驶座上，客户签订租赁协议和保险政策，而区块链则是同步更新信息；
VII. Automotive industry: prospective customers choose the vehicles they want to rent and enter the public ledger of the block chain; then, sit in the driver's seat, the client enters into lease agreements and insurance policies, while the block chain is a synchronized update of information;
第八、物流链：商品从生产商到消费者手中，需要经历多个环节，中间环节经常出问题。区块链的开放、透明，使得任何人都可以公开查询，伪造数据被发现的概率大增，商品从生产商到消费者手里都有迹可循，形成完整链条；
Eighth: Logistics chains: Commodities need to go through multiple links from producer to consumer, often with problems in the middle. The open and transparentness of blocks allows open access to anyone, the probability of counterfeiting data being discovered increases significantly, and the goods are traceable from producer to consumer, forming complete chains; and & nbsp;
第九、跨境支付：跨境支付涉及多种币种，存在汇率问题，流程繁琐，结算周期长，
Ninth. Cross-border payments: Cross-border payments involve multiple currencies, exchange rate problems, cumbersome processes, long settlement cycles, etc.
接入区块链技术后，通过公私钥技术，保证数据的可靠性，再通过加密技术和去中心，达到数据不可篡改的目的，最后，通过P2P技术，实现点对点的结算；
(b) Access to block chain technology to ensure the reliability of data through public-private key technology, to secure data through encryption technology and access to centres to achieve the goal of data irreproachable and, finally, to achieve point-to-point settlement through P2P technology;
第十、实体资产：实体资产往往难以分割，不便于流通，实体资产的流通难以监控，存在洗黑钱等风险，区块链技术实现资产数字化后，所有资产交易记录公开、透明、永久存储、可追溯，完全符合监管需求；
(x) Physical assets: physical assets are often difficult to disentangle, difficult to circulate, the flow of physical assets is difficult to monitor, there is a risk of laundering money, etc., and all asset transactions are recorded publicly, transparently, permanently stored, retroactively and in full compliance with regulatory requirements after block-chain technology has digitized assets;
第十一、医疗：电子医疗数据的处理、药品溯源、医疗保险都是区块链+医疗行业的热点领域，区块链存储完成去中心化的医疗信息和患者数据管理，实现各机构数据共享；
XI. Medical care: electronic medical data processing, drug traceability, medical insurance are the hotspots of the block chain plus the medical industry. The block chain contains decentralised medical information and patient data management, and the agencies share data;
第十二、社交：让用户自己控制数据，杜绝个人信息隐私泄露；
XII. Socialization: allowing users to control data themselves and prevent the disclosure of personal information;
第十三、云计算：推动公共信任基础设施建设进程；
XIII. Cloud computing: promoting the process of building public trust infrastructure;
区块链与云的结合，有两种方法，一种是区块链在云上，一种是区块链在云里。未来，云效能企业越来越多地将区块链技术整合至云核算的生态环境中，经过供给BaaS功用，有用下降企业运用区块链的安置本钱，下降创业的初始门槛；
The combination of block chains and clouds can be achieved in two ways, one on the cloud, and the other on the cloud. In the future, cloud efficiency firms increasingly integrate block chain technology into the ecological environment of cloud accounting by supplying the BaaS function, helping to reduce the amount of money that the enterprise uses to settle the block chain and lowering the initial threshold for starting a business;
第十四、共享经济：为平台构建用户信任。区块链经过借助智能合约技能、能够主动履行满意某项条件下的操作，也能够使得更多产品“共享”，大幅降低契约建立和履行的本钱；
XIV. Shared economy: building user trust for the platform. Block chains can also enable more products to be “shared” and significantly reduce the value of contract creation and performance through the use of intelligent contract skills that enable them to operate under satisfactory conditions;
第十五、慈善： 对于慈善捐助，区块链可以让人们准确跟踪其捐款流向，捐款何时到账，最终捐款到了谁的手里，可以解决慈善捐赠过程中长期存在的透明度不高和问责不清等问题；
XV. Charities: For charitable donations, the block chain allows people to track accurately the flow of their contributions, when they arrive, and who ultimately they reach, and addresses the persistent lack of transparency and accountability in the process of charitable donations;
第十六、文件存储以安全、高性能、廉价的方式来存储数据，将数据散布在许多节点上，当你准备搜索使用这个文件时，这些文件就会被解密，并迅速地无缝重新组装起来；
XVI. The storage of documents in a secure, high-performance and inexpensive manner, spreading the data over many nodes, and when you prepare to search for the use of this document, the documents are declassified and quickly reassemble seamlessly;
第十七、大数据：在工业领域中，从客户需求到销售、订单、计划、研发、设计、工艺、制造、采购、供应、库存、发货和交付、售后服务、运维、报废或回收再制造等，这些数据散布在许多节点上，当你需要搜索使用这个文件时，这些文件就会被解密，并迅速地重新组装起来；
XVII. Big data: in the industrial field, ranging from customer demand to sales, orders, plans, R & D, design, processes, manufacturing, procurement, supply, inventory, shipment and delivery, after-sale services, wiring, scrapping or recycling, etc., which are distributed at many nodes, which are declassified and quickly reassemble when you need to search for and use this document;
第十八、礼品卡和会员项目：帮助提供礼品卡和会员项目的零售商，几乎不用任何中间人来处理销售交易和礼品卡的发行，使得他们的系统更廉价、更安全；
XVIII. Gift cards and membership projects: Retailers who help provide gift cards and membership projects with little or no intermediary to deal with sales transactions and the issuance of gift cards, making their systems cheaper and safer;
第十九、体育：通过民主化粉丝的能力去获得现在的体育明星在未来的金融股份，可以将投资运动员的过程去中心化，逐渐成为了体育管理机构和公司的关注点，这一利用区块链去投资运动员并获得收益的概念并没有大规模被尝试；
XIX. Sport: the ability of democratization fans to obtain future financial shares of current sports stars can centralize the process of investing in athletes and become a focus for sports management bodies and companies, a concept that uses the chain of blocks to invest in athletes and reap benefits has not been attempted on a large scale;
第二十、政务：政府政务信息、项目招标等信息公开透明，能够保证信息的透明性和不可更改性，对政府透明化管理的落实有很大作用，在彼此不信任的竞争者之间形成信任共识，通过区块链安排后续的智能合约，保证项目的建设进度，一定程度上防止了腐败的滋生。
XX. Government: Open and transparent information such as government information, project tenders, etc., ensures transparency and non-changeability of information, contributes significantly to the implementation of transparent government management, creates a consensus of trust among untrusted competitors, arranges subsequent smart contracts through block chains, ensures progress in the construction of projects and, to some extent, prevents the growth of corruption.
九、中国政府区块链布局
IX. The Chinese Government's chain layout of blocks
2016年1月20日，中国人民银行数字货币研讨会宣布对数字货币研究取得阶段性成果，会议肯定了数字货币在降低传统货币发行等方面的价值，并表示央行在探索发行数字货币。
On 20 January 2016, the People's Bank of China seminar on digital currency announced a phased outcome to the digital currency study, which affirmed the value of digital currency in reducing the distribution of traditional currency, among other things, and stated that the central bank was exploring the issuance of digital currency.
2019.10.25中共中央政治局10月24日下午就区块链技术发展现状和趋势进行第十八次集体学习，浙江大学教授、中国工程院院士陈纯就这个问题作了讲解，并谈了意见和建议。中共中央总书记习近平在主持学习时强调， 区块链技术的集成应用在新的技术革新和产业变革中起着重要作用， 习近平总书记用五个“要”为区块链技术如何给社会发展带来实质变化指明方向：
2019.10.25 On the afternoon of 24 October, the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party conducted its eighteenth collective study on the current state of and trends in block chain technology. Chen Jun, a professor at Zhejiang University and a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, gave a presentation on the issue and made comments and recommendations. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, in conducting the study, stressed that integrated application of block chain technology plays an important role in new technological innovation and industrial change, and Xi Jinping's General Secretary used five “to” to chart the way in which block chain technology can make a real difference in social development:
第一，要强化基础研究，提升原始创新能力，努力让我国在区块链这个新兴领域走在理论最前沿、占据创新制高点、取得产业新优势；
First, to strengthen basic research, to upgrade original innovation capabilities and to try to put our country at the forefront of theory in the emerging area of the chain of blocks, to occupy the high point of innovation and to gain new advantages in industry;
第二、要推动协同攻关，加快推进核心技术突破，为区块链应用发展提供安全可控的技术支撑。要加强区块链标准化研究，提升国际话语权和规则制定权；
Secondly, it is important to promote concerted efforts to speed up core technological breakthroughs and provide safe and manageable technological support for the application of block chains.
第三、要加快产业发展，发挥好市场优势，进一步打通创新链、应用链、价值链；
Thirdly, industrial development needs to be accelerated, market advantages should be harnessed and innovation chains, application chains and value chains should be further developed;
第四、要构建区块链产业生态，加快区块链和人工智能、大数据、物联网等前沿信息技术的深度融合，推动集成创新和融合应用；
Fourthly, building the ecology of the block chain industry to accelerate the deep integration of block chains and cutting-edge information technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of goods, and to promote integrated innovation and integrated applications;
第五、要加强人才队伍建设，建立完善人才培养体系，打造多种形式的高层次人才培养平台，培育一批领军人物和高水平创新团队。
Fifthly, there is a need to strengthen the human capacity-building system, create a high-level training platform in many forms, and develop a cadre of leaders and high-level innovation teams.
2019年12 月中国人民银行"预计"在深圳和苏州测试自己的 CBDC。这一计划旨在评估数字货币的能力，了解其在医疗保健和运输等现实用例中的表现如何。所有这些行为的结果似乎表明，中国发行自主 CBDC 的计划正在取得进展，但同时国家也打击了数字货币活动。因此，中国希望从区块链技术和数字资产中受益，但同时要避免诸如投机和非法活动之类的关联问题。
In December 2019, the People’s Bank of China & quot; projected & quot; testing its own CBDC in Shenzhen and Suzhou. The aim of this plan is to assess the ability of the digital currency to understand its performance in practical cases such as health care and transport. The results of all these actions seem to indicate that China’s plans to issue an autonomous CBDC are making progress, but the state is also fighting digital money activity.
央行数字货币即将落地深圳和苏州， 央行已经在苏州设立子公司长三角金融科技有限公司，法人为目前央行数字货币研究所副所长狄刚，该公司由央行数字货币研究所联合苏州市有关单位所共同设立，承接法定数字货币基础设施的建设和稳定运行，承担法定数字货币关键技术攻关和试点场景支持、配套研发与测试；聚焦区块链、密码学等金融科技前沿方向。
In Shenzhen and Suzhou, the Central Bank has established a subsidiary, Long Triangular Financial Technology Ltd., in Suzhou, a legal person, Dickang, the current Deputy Director of the Central Bank's Digital Monetary Institute, which was established by the Central Bank's Digital Monetary Institute, in conjunction with the relevant units of Suzhou City, to take over the construction and stable operation of the statutory digital monetary infrastructure and to assume the statutory digital key technology cut-off and pilot scene support, accompanying research and development and testing; and to focus on the sector chain, cryptography and other financial science and technology frontier directions.
2019年无疑是央行DC/EP发展过程中具有里程碑意义的一年。从第三季度开始，陆续有法定数字货币呼之欲出的权威消息流出。
The year 2019 is undoubtedly a landmark year in the development of central bank DC/EP. Starting in the third quarter, authoritative news of the legal digital currency’s appeal has been leaking.
十、中国政府近期推出的区块链相关文件
X. Document relating to the recently launched block chain by the Government of China
十一、国内区块链部分研究开发机构
XI. INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ASPECTS IN THE NATIONAL LEVEL LEVEL
第一、中国科学院成立区块链实验室；
First, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has set up a block chain laboratory;
第二、清华大学（计算机系）-北京阿尔山金融科技有限公司区块链技术联合研究中心；
Second, Qinghua University (Computer Department) - Joint Research Centre on Block Chain Technology, Alsan Finance Science and Technology Ltd., Beijing;
第三、上海区块链研究院成立，中国科学院院士姚期智领衔组建；
Third, the Shanghai Block Chain Institute was established, and Yao Xiao Ji, a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, was established;
第四、中国科学院大学数字经济与区块链研究中心；
(iv) The Centre for Digital Economy and Block Chain Studies of the Chinese Academy of Sciences;
第五、北大光华新金融与创业投资研究中心区块链实验室；
Fifthly, the North China Center for New Finance and Investment in Entrepreneurship (NSIFE) sector chain laboratory;
第六、中国人民大学大数据区块链与监管科技实验室；
Sixth: The People's University of China's Grand Data Block Chain and Regulatory Science and Technology Laboratory;
第七、电子科技大学网络安全中心成立区块链研究所；
Seventh. Establishment of the Block Chain Institute by the Network Security Centre of the University of Electronics and Technology;
第八、西南财经大学中国区块链研究中心；
Eighth. University of Finance and Economics, South-West China Block Chain Research Centre;
第九、浙江大学互联网金融研究院区块链工作室；
IX. Sector chain workshops at the Institute of Internet Finance of Zhejiang University;
第十、浙江大学计算机学院区块链研究中心；
x. Zhejiang University Computer College Block Chain Research Centre;
第十一、南京大学金陵学院区块链研究中心；
XI. Centre for the Study of Block Chains, Golden Bay College, Nanjing University;
第十二、复旦大学计算机科学技术学院区块链技术联合创新中心；
Twelfth. Joint Innovation Centre for Block Chain Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Technology, University of Ghadan;
第十三、上海交大区块链技术联合创新中心；
XIII. Joint Technology Innovation Centre for Block Chains in Shanghai;
第十四、同济大学人工智能与区块链智能实验室；
xiv. An artificial intelligence and block-link intelligence laboratory at the University of Homegae;
第十五、南方科技大学大区块链信大区块链研究院；
XV. The Southern University of Science and Technology (UST) (Southern University of Science/Technology) (UST) (Southern University of Science and Technology) (Sinji Region) (Sinji Region);
第十六、深圳大学区块链技术研究中心；
XVI. Shenzhen University Centre for Block Chain Technology Studies;
第十七、武汉大学密码学与区块链技术实验室；
XVII. Wuhan University's cryptology and block chain technical laboratory;
第十八、西安交大区块链技术与法律创新研究实验室；
XVIII. Laboratory for technological and legal innovation in the chain of blocks of Xi'an;
第十九、西安电子科技大学区块链应用与评测研究中心；
XIX. Centre for the Study of the Application and Evaluation of the Block Chain of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of XVIAN;
第二十、湖南大学爱康区块链金融研究中心；
XX. Centre for Financial Research on the Aikang Block Chain, Hunan University;
第二十一、北京大学金融创新研究室东北区块链研究中心；
XXI. The Northeast Block Chain Research Centre, Financial Innovation Research Unit, Beijing University;
第二十二、中国互联网金融协会区块链研究工作组；
XXII. Working Group on Block Chain Studies of the Internet Finance Association of China;
第二十三、西南财经大学中国区块链研究中心；
XXIII. The China Block Chain Research Centre of the South-West University of Finance and Economics;
第二十四、中关村区块链研究院；
XXIV. China Village Block Chain Institute;
第二十五、中金区块链研究院；
XXV. China Gold Block Chain Institute;
第二十六、京东金融区块链实验室。
Twenty-sixth. Kyoto Financial Zone Chain Laboratory.
参考文献
References
1.基于区块链的IoT的安全模型 2018.04.09
1. IOT security model based on block chains & nbsp; & nbsp; 2018.04.09
区块链的特征架构模型与核心技术介绍 考拉 2019.10.30
Feature structure models and core technical presentations for block chains
2.架构模型与核心技术 2019.10.30
2. Architecture models and core techniques & nbsp; & nbsp; 2019.10.30
3.央行数字货币即将落地深圳和苏州 深挖央行提速背后的雄心与战略
The central bank's digital currency is about to land in Shenzhen and Suzhou, digging deep into the ambition and strategy behind the central bank's acceleration.
比特币矿.阿星2019.12.11
Bitcoin Mine 2019.12.11
4.中央政治局区块链技术发展现状和趋势 新华社北京2019.10.25
4. Status and trends in the technological development of the block chain of the Central Political Bureau & nbsp; & nbsp; Xinhua Society Beijing 2019.10.25
5.区块链大规模写进中国政府决策文件背后 互链脉搏 2020.01.15
5. Block chains written on a large scale behind Chinese government decision-making documents & nbsp; interlinking pulse & nbsp; 2020.01.15
6. 部分图片文献来自互联网
6. Some of the photographic literature came from the Internet
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